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ENVI 101 > ENVI 101 Unit 2 > Flashcards

ENVI 101 Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Bacteria, enclosed by a membrane, no nucleus

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2
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

All other life besides bacteria, enclosed by a membrane, nucleas, specialized internal structures

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3
Q

Three domain classification system

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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4
Q

Taxonomic Classification

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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5
Q

Kingdoms

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Plants, Fungi, Animals, Protists

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6
Q

Protists

A

Diatoms and protozoans

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7
Q

Species

A

Group of living organisms with characteristics that distinguish it from others and produce fertile offspring

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8
Q

Species diversity

A

The number and abundance of different species living in an ecosystem

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9
Q

Species richness

A

The number of different species

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10
Q

Species evenness

A

A measure of the comparative abundance in an ecosystem

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11
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Variety of genes within a population or in a species

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12
Q

Biomes

A

Large regions distinguished by climate, plant, and animal life

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13
Q

Eight major biomes

A

Tropical forest, savanna, temperate grasslands, desert, shrublands, temperate forest, conifer forest, tundra

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14
Q

Core habitats

A

Center of a biome

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15
Q

Edge habitats

A

Edge of a biome

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16
Q

Ecological niche

A

Total use of biotic and abiotic resources for a species in its environment

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17
Q

Habitat

A

Place in which a species lives

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18
Q

Generalists

A

Broad niches, can live in many places, eat anything, tolerate wide range of conditions

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19
Q

Specialists

A

Narrow niches, more prone to extinction

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20
Q

Native species

A

Naturally occur in a region where they evolved

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21
Q

Nonnative species

A

Species that migrate deliberately into an ecosystem

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22
Q

Invasive species

A

A species that causes ecological or economic harm to a new environment where it is not native

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23
Q

Indicator species

A

Provide early warnings of changes in environmental conditions, represent the health of an ecosystem

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24
Q

Keystone species

A

Has a large effect on the types and abundance of other species in an ecosystem, relative to their size

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25
Q

Example of a keystone species

A

Wolves in Yellowstone, controlled elk populations, which restricted killing of trees by elk

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26
Q

Trophic cascade

A

Top predator controls the populations of the trophic levels below them

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27
Q

Adaptive trait

A

Improves the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce compared to other individuals in the population

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28
Q

Heritable trait

A

Passed from one generation to the next

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29
Q

Allele

A

Form of a gene

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30
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in the coded genetic information in your DNA

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31
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Divisible in symmetrical halves

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32
Q

Amniotes

A

Embryo develops in an amnion

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33
Q

Speciation

A

When one species evolves into two or more different species

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34
Q

Geographic isolation

A

Different groups of the same population of a species become physically isolated from one another for a long time

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35
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Mutations and changes in the gene pool from natural selection operate independently in the geographically isolation populations

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36
Q

Artificial selection

A

Scientists change the genetic characteristics of populations with similar genes, ex. selective breeding

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37
Q

Endemic species

A

Species only found in one area

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38
Q

Grasses

A

Photosynthetic tissue because little energy is required for support tissues (stems)

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39
Q

Shrubs

A

A plant with multiple woody, persistent stems (no central trunk) and under 4m tall

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40
Q

Trees

A

Will invest more resources in stems and other supporting structures, increased height and access to light

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41
Q

Deciduous leaves live…

A

for only a single growing season / year

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42
Q

Evergreen leaves live…

A

beyond a year

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43
Q

Needle-leaf evergreen grow in…

A

environments where the growing season is very short (higher latitudes)

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44
Q

Tropical rainforests

A

Dominated by broadleaf evergreen plants, between 10 degrees N and S, temperatures warm all year and rain happens daily

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45
Q

Dry tropical forests

A

Undergoes a dry season, length of season based on latitude

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46
Q

Savanna

A

Mainly grasses with trees or shrubs, warm temperatures with distinct seasonality in precipitation, many large herbivores

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47
Q

Grasslands

A

Occur in the midlatitudes in midcontinental regions where annual precipitation is reduced as air masses move inland

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48
Q

Grasslands evolved under…

A

the selective pressure of grazing

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49
Q

Deciduous temperate forests

A

Dominate the wetter regions in temperate areas, high annual rainfall

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50
Q

Conifer forest

A

Cone-bearing trees, snowy winter

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51
Q

Chaparral / Shrublands

A

Found along the western margins of the continents between 30 and 40 degrees latitude, hot, dry summers with at least one month of drought, leading to fires, cold moist winters

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52
Q

Alpine tundra

A

Lower latitudes in higher mountains, severe environment with strong winds, snow, and fluctuating temperatures

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53
Q

Arctic Tundra

A

High latitudes and cold temperatures, most vegetation short and mainly belowground

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54
Q

Ecological succession

A

The gradual change in species composition in a given terrestrial or aquatic system

55
Q

Primary succession

A

Begins in environments that lack organic matter and have not been altered, ex. lava field, newly exposed glacial till

56
Q

Secondary succession

A

Occurs where there has been organic matter that went through a disturbance that removed most or all of the existing community, ex. fires, tornados, logging

57
Q

Facilitation

A

Pioneer species modify environment making it more suitable for later species

58
Q

Inhibition

A

Competition determines succession

59
Q

Tolerance

A

Shade-tolerant species begin to flourish

60
Q

Water covers ____ of the Earth’s surface

A

71%

61
Q

Examples of marine zones

A

Oceans, estuaries, coasts, coral reefs, mangrove forests

62
Q

Coral reefs

A

Oldest, most diverse, and most productive ecosystems

63
Q

Polyps

A

Tiny animals that form coral reefs with the help of single celled algae

64
Q

Why coral reefs are important

A

Protect coastlines, are a habitat for 1/4-1/3 of the oceans organisms

65
Q

Threats to coral reefs

A

Soil runoff, climate change, increasing ocean acidity

66
Q

Coral bleaching

A

Changing temps and acidity cause the algae to die off, removing the color from the polyps

67
Q

Ultraplankton

A

Make up the base of the aquatic food chain, produces about a half of Earth’s oxygen

68
Q

Zooplankton

A

Consumers, include single-celled protozoa to jellyfish

69
Q

Nekton

A

Strong swimmers that can swim against the currents - fish, turtles, whales

70
Q

Benthos

A

Bottom dwellers - oysters, sea stars, clams, lobsters, crabs

71
Q

Decomposers

A

Mostly bacteria

72
Q

Factors that determine aquatic diversity

A

Temperature, dissolved oxygen content, salinity, availability of food, access to light, access to nutrients for photosynthesis

73
Q

Major life zones

A

Neritic zone, oceanic zone

74
Q

Four zones in ocean sea

A

Epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssalpelagic

75
Q

Epipelagic zone

A

1st zone, phytoplankton, low nutrient levels

76
Q

Mesopelagic zone

A

2nd zone, light, oxygen, temperature decreases from epipelagic

77
Q

Bathypelagic zone

A

3rd zone, dark, relies on nutrients from above zones

78
Q

Abyssalpelagic zone

A

4th zone, dark and cold, high nutrient levels, deposit / filter feeders

79
Q

Estuaries

A

Aquatic zones where the river meets the sea

80
Q

Coastal wetlands

A

Coastal land covered with water all or parts of the year

81
Q

Seagrass beds

A

Occur in shallow coastal water

82
Q

Human impacts on marine environments

A

Coastal development, overfishing, destruction of habitats, runoff of pollutants

83
Q

Lotic

A

Flowing water in freshwater ecosystems

84
Q

Lentic

A

Non-flowing water in freshwater ecosystems

85
Q

Lakes

A

Standing freshwater formed from precipitation, runoff, streams, rivers, and groundwater seepage that fill depressions in the Earth’s surface

86
Q

Limentic zone

A

main photosynthetic zone of a lake, 2nd zone, away from the shore, extends to the depth that light can penetratend

87
Q

Littoral zone

A

Shallow sunlit waters in a lake, 1st zone, growth of rooted plants, high biodiversity

88
Q

Profundal zone

A

3rd zone of a lake, Too dark for photosynthesis, low oxygen levels

89
Q

Benthic zone

A

4th zone of a lake, decomposers, detritus feeders, bottom feeders

90
Q

Oligotrophic

A

Type of lake with a small amount of plant nutrients, with deep waters and steep banks, low NPP, small populations of plankton and fish species

91
Q

Eutrophic

A

Type of lake with a large supply of nutrients, high NPP, typically shallow and have murky brown or green water

92
Q

Source zone

A

Headwater streams are shallow, cold, and clear and swiftly moving, dissolves large amounts of oxygen from the air, lack nutrients and primary producers, fish with streamlined bodies

93
Q

Transition zone

A

Wider, deeper, and warmer streams that flow down gentler slopes with fewer obstacles, less dissolved oxygen

94
Q

Floodplain zones

A

Streams join into wider deeper rivers that flow across broad flat valleys, high temperature, low dissolved oxygen, higher concentration of silt, muddy waters

95
Q

Delta

A

An area at the mouth of a river built up by deposited sediment, usually containing coastal wetlands and estuaries

96
Q

Inland wetlands

A

Marshes, swamps, the composition of social and specific plants will determine if something is a wetland

97
Q

How are humans degrading freshwater systems?

A

Dams, canals, cities and farms adding pollutants and excess plant nutrients, draining of wetlands for farmland, eutrophication

98
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Use similar resources, -/-

99
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Individuals with a species compete for resources

100
Q

Niche or resource partitioning

A

Species evolve in tandem to balance out resources, ex. warblers and nesting in different spots in a tree

101
Q

Herbivory

A

Consumption of plants by animals, +/-

102
Q

Adaptations to herbivory

A

Spikes, poison

103
Q

Predation

A

Consumption of animals by other animals, +/-

104
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

Some animals living with inedible species will evolve coloration to match them, model and mimic

105
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Two or more species evolve to share similar honest warning signs

106
Q

Parasitism

A

A species forms a long close association with a host who is harmed, +/-

107
Q

Mutualism

A

+/+, both species benefit from working together

108
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits and another is unaffected, +/0

109
Q

Emigration

A

Portion of a population leaving the population

110
Q

Immigration

A

Portion of a population joining another population

111
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Maximum number of individuals a habitat can support

112
Q

Survivorship curve

A

A species’ population drop off with respect to age

113
Q

Type 1 Survivorship curve

A

Mortality rates low until late in life

114
Q

Type 2 Survivorship curve

A

Constant proportion of individuals die throughout the life cycle

115
Q

Type 3 Survivorship curve

A

Juvenile mortality high, those that survive have a high survivorship

116
Q

r-Strategists

A

Produce a large number of offspring but provide few resources for their support

117
Q

K-Strategists

A

Produce relatively few young but invest considerable resources into their support

118
Q

r-Selected

A

environmental instability reduces population size before it approaches carrying capacity

119
Q

K-Selected

A

population size near carrying capacity due to density dependent factors

120
Q

Old-growth forest

A

Uncut or regrown forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for 200 years or more, high biodiversity, ex. sequoia forests

121
Q

Second-growth forest

A

Stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession (usually containing pines, oaks)

122
Q

Tree plantation

A

Forest containing 1 or 2 species of forest all around the same age

123
Q

Tree harvesting methods

A

Selective cutting, clear-cutting, strip cutting

124
Q

Surface fires

A

Burn undergrowth and leaf litter

125
Q

Crown fires

A

Fires take place in the crowns of the trees

126
Q

Deforestation

A

Temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture, settlements or other uses

127
Q

____% of US land area covered by forest

A

30%

128
Q

Tropical rainforests

A

small land area, hold immense amount of biodiversity

129
Q

Tropical rainforests

A

Small land area, hold immense amount of biodiversity

130
Q

Prescribed burns

A

Carefully planned and controlled fires to remove flammable small trees and underbrush

131
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Turning a degraded ecosystem into a functional or useful ecosystem without trying to restore to the original

132
Q

Restoration

A

Returning a degraded habitat or ecosystem to a condition as close as possible to its original one

133
Q

Catch-share systems

A

The fisherman gets a share of the total catch in a community, fisher must stop when they reach their quota, can buy and sell shares

ENVI 101 (3 decks)

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