Env 2 Flashcards
What is Lindeman’s efficiency or biological efficiency
Certain percentage of energy is transferred from one tropic level to next. As a thumb rule 10% transferred, this is also called as 10% law.
What is assimilation? And what are the two products of assimilation?
When eaten food is converted into energy it is called assimilation and two by products are respiration, loss and biomass. Biomass means standing crop or living weight.
What is also known as gross production?
Assimilation
What is also known as net production?
Energy stored in the body.
Total minus used
Explain exploitation, efficiency, assimilation efficiency, net production, efficiency, and ecological efficiency
How is increase or decrease in exploitation, non-predatory, death, excreta, simulation, respiration, losses, net production effect, ecological efficiency?
Except non-predatory death, excreta, respiration losses, everything else if it increases ecological efficiency will increase
Which two efficiency are higher in carnival?
Assimilation efficiency and exploitation efficiency
What is ecological pyramid
Graphical representation on relationship between traffic levels based on three parameters that is energy flow, biomass, number
How is the pyramid of energy?
Always upright
How is biomass oyramid
On terrestrial earth:
Total producers biomass greater than total consumers biomass(weight). Hence, upright.
On marine ecosystem:
Inverted. Because in case of certain aquatic ecosystem to Prenton, our main primary producers, the pyramid of biomass may be inverted, since phytoplankton have very high and over, existing crop of phytoplankton is quickly replaced by new crop
Tell about T2 and T1 dependency
T2: dependent on lower,
T1: independent of higher
How is the biomass pyramid in coastal areas,
Lake, open ocean?
Upright because of weight of trees
In Lake Marine bypass is invited.
In open ocean generally have invited
What are the different shapes of pyramid for terrestrial, aquatic, forest, parasite in case of energy pyramid, biomasspyramid, number pyramid?
Why number pyramid of forest is diamond?
Because trees are less than insects are more than birds are less
How is the number pyramid of parasite?
Inverted
What is ecological succession?
Change in the composition of community at a place over the time it is not a random process is an orderly process and up to a fair degree. It is a predictable process.
Main objective of ecological solution is to discover the best fit community.
What is primary ecological succession?
Primary: it begins from a place where life did not exist in the past, whereas area being colonised for the first time. There is lack of soil/sediment.
Succession rate is relatively slower. Conditions are uncertain for occupants. Main pioneer species are:
Lichen
Mosses
Phytoplankton.
What are Liche s
They are algae plus fungi.
Algae prepares food.
Fungi helps in nutrient plus protection
What is helotism
Master slave relationship.
Fungi is the master.
Algae is the slave
Who is called as amphibian of a plant kingdom?
Moss
What is secondary ecological succession?
It begins at a place where life existed now destroyed and now is recalled.
Presence of soil sediments,
Relatively faster,
Pioneer species main Road:
Legends
Masses,
Phytoplankton,
Grasses
Herbs
What grows because lives with nitrogen fixation, bacteria?
Seabuckthorn
What survive wildfire in Australia?
Eucalyptus
What grows quickly?
Acacia
Lantana camara, argemone mexicans, lyme cmgrass, marram bhrass(beach grass)
What are different stages in ecological succession?
What is sere
Sequence in which one community is replaced by other
What is terminal community and intermediary committee called in ecological succession?
Terminal community: climax
Intermediary committee: SERAL
Give hydrosere
Example of rooted floating and independently floating stage
Water lilies(nymphaea) and duckweed(lemna)
Duckweed
Water liky
Example of reed swamps(ambhinious plants)
Phragmites
Explain sedge meadows
Water is not very shallow or seasonal.
Moist soil, plants, takeover, and slowly make the area more dry
Name important Eco geographic rules
Allens rule
Bergmans rule
Copes rule
Gloggers rule
Moseleys rule
Rapaports rule
Allens rule
Bergmans rule
Tiger sizes as per bergmans rule
Siberian tiger,
Royal Bengal tiger,
Suman and tiger
Bears as per bergmans rule
Polar bear,
Kodiak beer,
Sloth beer,
Sun beer
Penguins as per bergmans rule
Emperor penguin
Galapagos penguin
Applicability of bergmans rule
Endotherm
Bigger body size gives smaller surface area to volume ratio.
Enhances ability to store more energy,
Gives competitive advantage
Copes rule
In a population, lineage, body size gets larger over time
Gloggers rule
It is about pigmentation/colour. Hot and humid conditions: darker pigmentation.
They studied birds: feathers of dark colour, difficult for certain bacteria to degrade it. Dark colour due to presence of eumelanin
Melanin types
Moseleys rule
Deep sea gigantism 10 to be Love than the shallow waters
W.r.t invertebrates
Because availability of food is less
Reasons:
Cold water Equals slower metabolism
Scarcity of food equals need for better storage
Which phylum has most number of species on earth
Arthropoda
Molluscs example
Soft bodied (no bones) invertebrate animals. But some have external shell and some have an internal shell
Oysters
Nautilius
Pteropods(sea butterfly’s)
Clarus
Mussels
Scallops
Octopus
Squids
Most number :
Snail and Slugs
Difference between arthropda and mollusca
Rapoports rule
Species at low latitude have low latitudinal range.
At equator, species become specialized adapted to narrow conditions
What happens as latitude increases
Body size and habitat range increases
Types of feedback
Negative and positive
Which feedback promotes status quo
Negative
Positive fb eg
Ghg positive feedback
Gaia hypothesis
Claw hypothesis
To justify gaia hypothesis
Based on negative fb
Dmsp
Dimethyl sulfonio propionate
Dms
Dimethyl sulfine
What acts as cloud condensation nuclei
Sulfate aerosols
Anyi claw hypothesis
Which planet has highest albedo
Venus but still hottest
Low altitude cliuds
Cooling
High altitude clouds
Warming
Deep convective clouds (cumulonimbus cloudss)
High albedo forcing and green house forcing. Neither cooling nor warming
What do detrivores do
Eat dead organic matter
Earthworms
Millipedes
Slugs
Beetles
Some crabs
Sea cucumber
Mites
Spring tails
Wood lice
How does decomposition rate varies wrt conditions
Bacteris developed
Decomposers another name
Saprobes
Difference between detrivores and decomposer
Production defn
What is productivity
Production per unit area per unit time
Rate of biomass formation
Productivity order
Crustose lichen
Flat and Kota.
Gross tightly attached to rocks
Foliose lichen
Leaf like
Fruticose lichen
Bushy shruby
Explain ecological succession involving lichens and mosees
Explain different causes of ecological
Initiating cause: disturbance/change
Stabilising cause: prevailing environmental conditions, bi Tik,
Continuing course: normal, biotic, biotic interaction or normal biotic biotic interaction
