Entomology & Helminthology A Flashcards by Milagros Andrea Alemania Mateo

Examination of nasal mucus secreted by a boxer dog with upper respiratory disease reveals rather large mites. These mites are most likely?

Pneumonyssoides caninum

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Small dandruff-like flakes in the hair of a dog appear to move. Examination of the apparent dandruff reveals it to be composed of mites, this “walking dandruff” is associated with infestation by:

Cheyletieila vasguri

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An army-owned German shepherd that has served in Cotabato develops splenomegaly and skin lesions. Impressions smear from a biopsy of skin lesions reveal Leishmania organisms. While in Cotabato, this dog was likely bitten by an infected:

Psychodid (Phlebotomus) sand fly

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Skin lesion in the saddle area of a horse contains a large maggot (bot). This is most likely a species of:

Hypoderma

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Where are you most likely to find an adult Hematobia irritans?

Resting on a steer’s back

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Hypoderma bovis females lay their eggs on the hairs of the?

Hind pasterns of cattle; these eggs hatch spontaneously, and the larvae actively penetrate the animal’s skin

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The larvae Of Hypoderma lineatum overwinter within the loose connective tissue of the submucosal of the caudal one third of the esophagus. The larvae of Hypoderma bovis overwinter in the?

Epidural adipose tissue between the dura mater and periosteum, near the first lumbar vertebra

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Hematobia irritans lays eggs on?

Fresh cattle manure

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Damalinia equi is a louse that infects horses. The eggs of this louse are most likely to be found:

Glued to the hairs

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Gasterophilus intestinalis females lay their eggs on the hairs of the:

Forelimbs of horses; these eggs hatch in response to a thermal stimulus, and the larvae migrate into the animal’s mouth

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Type of myiasis that requires a living host.

Primary myiasis

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An important cause of primary myiasis

Screwworms

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A mite that has long, jointed pedicels and is occasionally found in the ears of llama is a species of:

Psoroptes

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A budgerigar that develops greatly thickened ceres end feet is found to be infested with skin-dwelling mites. The mites that typically cause this condition are of the genus?

Knemidokoptes

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Mites of the genus Ornithonyssus are infesting people and pets in a household. Control measure should be based on:

Removal of rodent and wild bird nests

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Phlebotomus spp. carries this pathogen

Leishmania spp.

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Ixodes ricinus carries this pathogen

Borrelia burgdorferi

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Tabanus spp. carries these pathogens

Trypanosa evansi
Lao Lao
Equine infectious anemia virus

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Anopheles spp. carries this pathogen

Plasmodium falciparum

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Blowflies that causes secondary mysiasis (3)

Phormia spp.
Sarcophaga spp.
Chrysomia spp.

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Soft ticks examples

Argas persicus
Otobius megnini
Ornithodorus

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Hard ticks example (10)

Ixodes
Boophilus
Margaropus
Dermacentor
Hyalomma
Rhipicephalus
Haemaphysalis
Ambylomma
Rhipicentor
Aponomma

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Egg difference of Anopheles mosquitoes and culex mosquitoes

Anopheles eggs: singly floats in water. Culex eggs: in groups/rafts

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Examples of sucking lice of cattle (6)

Haematopinus eurysternus
H. quadripertusus
H. tuberculatus
Linognathus vituli
L. capillatus
Solenoptes capillatus

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Example of biting lice of cattle

Damalia bovis

Causes pruritic dermatitis that typically starts on the distal limbs and fetlock of horses

Chorioptes equi

The flea known for their burrowing behavior of the female in the tissue of its host

Tunga penetrans

Parasite infestation that may cause a "salt and pepper" appearance in fur of cats

Lynxacarus radovskyi

The mite that burrows under the epidermal of scales of the legs and feet of poultry, and is known to cause "scaly leg" appearacne

Knemidokoptes mutans

Mite the causes "scaly face" in budgerigars, parrots and parakeets

Knemidocoptes pilae

Mite that causes depluming itch of poultry, pheasants and geese

Knemidokoptes gallinae

Where does Heamatobia irritans lay their eggs?

Fresh cow feces

Where does Tabanus striatus prefer to lay their eggs?

A vicinity of open water

Where does Simulium spp. prefer to lay their eggs?

Swiftly flowing, well-aerated water

Where does Stomoxys calcitrans prefer to ly their eggs?

On decaying organic matter

What pathogens are carried by the tropical cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus?

Babesia bigemina Babesia bovis Anaplasma marginale

What pathogen is carried by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus evertsi?

Theileria parva

What is the only biting louse of cattle?

Damalia bovis

What are the sucking louse of cattle?

Hematopinus eurysternus Hematopinus quadripertusus Hematopinus tuberculatus Linognathus vituli Linognathus capillatus

What is the "short nosed" cattle sucking louse?

Hematopinus euryternus

What is the "long nosed" cattle sucking louse?

Linognathus vituli

Cattle louse primarily found in the tail?

Haematopinus quadripertusus

Cattle louse primarily found in the head, face, neck and shoulder?

Solenoptes (Haematopinus) capillatus

Cattle louse primarily found in the neck, poll, dewlap and brisket?

Haemtopinus euryternus

Cattle louse primarily found in the withers, head, and tail head?

Bovicola bovis

Associated with cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction in horses known as “sweet itch”. Causes allergic dermatitis in horses.

Culicoides spp

Mite that is commonly responsible for dermatosis in pigs worldwide, causing pruritus and various skin lesions on the ears, flanks, abdomen, and rump

Sarcoptes scabiei var suis

Females of this fly most commonly glue their eggs on hairs of the lower regions of the legs and lower body

Hypoderma spp

Specie of Hypoderma that glue their eggs on hairs of the lower regions of the legs and lower body singly

Hypoderma bovis

Specie of Hypoderma that glue their eggs on hairs of the lower regions of the legs and lower body in rows

Hypoderma lineatum

The infective stage of Hypoderma that enter through hair follicles or by penetrating skin using proteolytic enzyme.

First stage larva (L1)

The first stage larva of this hypoderma spp migrate through fascial planes and connective tissues up to the esophageal wall

Hypoderma lineatum

The first stage larva of this hypoderma spp migrate along nerves to the epidural fat along the spinal column

Hypoderma bovis

Examples of neurotoxic ectoparasiticides (COP)

Carbamates Organochlorines Pyrethrins

Example of chitin inhibitor ectoparasiticide

Lufenuron

Feature differentiates Ctenocephalides canis from C. felis

C. canis: Shorter, rounder head. Presence of a much shorter first genal ctenidium

Chicken louse that is typically found on the breast, vent, and thighs. Also known as "Chicken body louse" and "Yellow body louse". Considered the most destructive louse of poultry

Menacanthus stramineus

Poultry louse found on the base of feathers

Menopon gallinae

Poultry louse commonly found on the wings

Lipeurus caponis

Poultry louse found on the head

Cuclotogaster heterographus

Insects under solenophages. Their characteristic is that they have mouth parts that can directly penetrate individual capillaries and feed directly on host blood.

Mosquitoes Bed bugs Stable flies Sucking lice

Insects under telmophages. Their characteristic is that they have mouth parts that lacerates host skin, damagng blood vessels, thus they and feed on blood pools at the bite site.

Black flies Biting midges Horse flies Deer flies

This hard tick can be identified by hexagona basis capituli and presence of festoons caudally

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Females of this Gasterophilus spp. deposit their eggs in the lips of horses, and the larvae eventually penetrate the mucosa and reach the stomach or rectum.

Gasterophilus hemorrhoidalis

Cockroach that is the intermediate host of the chicken eyeworm Oxyspirura mansoni

Pycnoscelus surinamensis

Cockroach is the intermediate host of the rodent, dog, cats and rimates thorny headed worm Moniliformis moniliformis

Blatta orientalis Blatella germanica Periplaneta americana

Cockroach is the intermediate host of the cattle, and humans gullet worm Gonglyonema pulchrum

Blatella germanica

Cockroach is the intermediate host of the dog and cats esophageal worm Physaloptera spp

Blatella germanica

Cockroach is the intermediate host of the birds proventricular worm Tertrameres spp.

Blatella germanica and the rest

Chewing louse of chicken

Menopon gallinae Menacanthus stramineus Goniocotes gallinae Cuclogaster heterographus Goniodes dissimilis Goniodes gigas Lipeurus caponis

Mite affecting chickens is nocturnal, and heavy infestation may lead to skin irritation, anemia, loss of vigor, stunted growth, and reduced egg production. The mites can be found in the housing during the day, including the nest, litter and crevices. Aka Red poultry mite.

Dermanyssus gallinae

Bot fly that is larviparous. Affects sheeps and causes "false gid"

Oestrus ovis

Fly specie that undergoes complete metamorphosis or holometabolous life cycle

Musca domestica

A cat with hyperkeratinized and hyperpigmented skin, particularly in the ears and back of the neck, could be infested with

Notoedres cati

Ectoparasiticide that effectively controls Sarcoptes spp, Otodectes spp, Linognathus spp, but not Trichodectes (chewing lice)

Macrocyclic latone

Ectoparasite of swine has been associated with transmission of swine pox virus, Eperythrozoon suis and African swine fever

Hematopinus suis

This can cause nodular skin lesions in sheep due to allergic reactions to the saliva of this arthropod. This also considered the smallest mammalian louse

Damalia ovis

Mites that necessitates deep skin scraping to examine

Demodex Notoedres Sarcoptes

Mites that does not necessitates deep skin scraping to be examined. They are located superficially.

Psoroptes

The most pathogenic mite of snakes due to its role on transmission of Aeromonas hydrophila (hemorrhagic septicemia)

Ophionyssus natricis

Laelaps echidninus (spiny rat mite) is a vector of

Hepatozoon muris

Asian monitor lizard tick

Aponomma varanense

Most ecomically important mite of honey bees

Verroa destructor

What type of tick feed continuously, mate, engorge, and detach from their host then lay eggs/only has a single gonotrophic cycle

Female hard ticks

Arthropods that are nocturnal feeders

Dermanyssus gallinae Cimex hemipterus Anopheles gambiae

Arthropod that is usually a daytime feeder

Tabanus striatus

The reproduction of the female of this flea is influenced by the hormonal cycle of rabbit. Estrogen and corticosteroids stimulate egg production.

Spilopsyllus cuniculi

This mite can be distinguished from others by the presence of three-jointed pretarsi or pedicel and trumpet-shaped pulvilli

Psoroptes spp

This is a dorsoventrally flattened arthropod with mouthparts that are bent below the head when not feeding

Cimex

Describe the preferred breeding sites of members of genus Phlebotomus

Dark and moist locations where organic material is present

Insect that causes “black fly fever” characterized by headache, nausea, fever, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck, presumably caused by a response to salivary components of the fly. May cause river blindness.

Simulium

This is considered the most economically important ectoparasite of sheep causing “sheep scab”. Very active in keratin layers. Produces vesicles and serous exudate.

Psoroptes ovis

This fly congregates in large numbers around the face of cattle, causing “fly worry”, and can transmit infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis agent Moraxella bovis

Musca autumnalis

Specie of Demodex localizes in sebaceous glands and thereby causes “oily coat”

Demodex injai

Artropod with both male and female adults are blood sucking

Ctenocephalides Triatoma Haematopinus

Arthropod with only female adults are blood sucking

Tabanus flies

The nymphs of the tongue worm of dogs, Linguatula serrata, may be found in the following organs of the intermediate host (3)

liver visceral lymph nodes lungs

The adults of the tongue worm of dogs, Linguatula serrata, may be found in the __ of hosts (4)

nasal sinus respiratory passages frontal sinus tympanic cavity

Gelatinous, greenish reaction zones in carcass of cattle known as “butcher’s jelly” is due to the migration of the larvae of

Hypoderma

This is also known as cucumber tapeworm of dogs a.Taenia taeniaeformis b.Dipylidium caninum c. Diphyllobothrium latum d.Taenia seriali

Dipylidium caninum

The following may serve as intermediate host and carry the larva of Dipylidium caninum EXCEPT a.Ctenocephalides sp b.Heterodoxus spiniger c.Trichodectes canis d.Linognathus setosus

Linognathus setosus

The following tapeworms may produce more than one new individuals from their single larval forms except a.Taenia multiceps b.Taenia saginata c.Echinococcus granulosus d.Mesocestoides lineatum

Taenia saginata

The following tapeworms may produce more than one new individuals from their single larval forms except a.Taenia multiceps b.Taenia saginata c.Echinococcus granulosus d.Mesocestoides lineatum

Taenia saginata

Raillietina is to cysticercoid while Mesocestoides is to a. cysticercus b.cysticercoid c. coenurus d.tetrathyridium

Tetrathyridium

These species require two mammals to complete the life cycle a.Trichinella spiralis b.Mesocestoides lineatus c.Taenia solium d.Capillaria philippinensis

Capillaria philippinensis

The adult stages of the following tapeworms are found in dogs except a.Taenia taeniaeformis b.Taenia ovis c.Echinococcus granulosus d.Taenia asiatica

Taenia asiatica

Psocids that may be found in bark of trees and forage mites on vegetation may carry the cysticercoid of the following except a. Davainea proglottina b.Anoplocephala perfoliata c.Moniezia expansa d.Thysanosoma actinioides

Davainea proglottina D. proglottina is transmitted through ingestion of slugs with cysticercoid, the rest are by slugs.

Larva of the following are referred to as bladderworms due to their fluid-filled cyst except a.Taenia multiceps b.Mesocestoides lineatus c.Echinococcus granulosus d.Taenia taeniaeformis

Mesocestoides lineatus Tetrathridium and cysticercoid, the larvae of Mesocestoides lineatus are both solid-bodied

The principle for recommending deworming of puppies as early as two weeks for Toxocara canis control/treatment is the a.transmammary infection and transplacental infection b.infection by ingestion and transplacental infection c.transmammary infection and paratenic host infection d.skin penetration and transplacental infection

transmammary infection and transplacental infection

Human neurocysticercosis may be acquired by a. ingestion of larva from infected raw pork b.ingestion of egg from contaminated food or water c. ingestion of adult worm segments d.deposition of larva by houseflies

Ingestion of egg from contaminated food or water

Cecal worm of chicken promotes the transmission of this protozoa in turkeys a.Entamoeba coli b.Chilomastix mesnilii c. Hexamita meleagridis d.Histomonas meleagridis

Histomonas meleagridis Histomonas can be consumed by Heterakis which are passed out in the feces

Which of the following roundworms has no somatic migratory phase in their life cycle? a.Toxocara canis b.Ascaridia galli c.Ascaris suis d.Toxocara vitulorum

Ascaridia galli Ascaridia directly matures in the small intestine, other migrate by tracheal route or somatically

Muscle digestion step is important for the diagnosis of a.Echinococcus multilocularis b.Taenia solium c.Trichinella spiralis d.Taenia saginata

Trichinella spiralis Trichinella spiralis larva is a muscle worm. It resides in muscle fibers, hence digestion is needed to demonstrate them

Sparganosis in humans may be acquired by the following means except: a.drinking water with procercoid b.eating raw or unthoroughly cooked meat with plerocercoid c. applying snake or frog flesh on wounds infected with plerocercoid d.Accidental ingestion of Cyclops crustaceans infected with plerocercoid

Accidental ingestion of Cyclops crustaceans infected with plerocercoid The sparganum is the plerocercoid stage, hence prior infection should be the procercoid stage

The control of kidney worms of pig can be best achieved by adopting a.regular deworming b.cleaning of pens c. concrete flooring d.gilts only scheme

Gilts only scheme Gilts are disposed before the kidney worms become mature

The following applies to Schistosoma japonicum EXCEPT a.unisexual b.cylindrical c. monoecious d.requires snail in the life cycle

Monoecious They are dioecious, that is with sexes in separate individuals.

This species that inhabit the stomach of horses has a funnel-shaped pharynx a.Draschia b.Habronema c.Oesophagostomum d.Gnathostoma

Draschia Habronema is cyclindrical in shape; others are not seen in horses

The infective stage of thorny-headed worm to its final host a.Acanthella b.acanthor c.cystacanth d.cantharin

Cystacanth Cyctacanth is the final stage in the beetle intermediate host.

It is best to collect blood from animals suspected to have dirofilariosis at this time due to its periodicity a.night b.morning c.dawn d.afternoon

Night The highest concentration of microfilariae usually occurs when the local vector is feeding most actively; in the case of canine heartworm, Culex are nocturnal feeders

The phenomenon that allows the increased fecundity of worms a.Self cure phenomenon b.hypobiosis c.Periparturient rise in FEC d.Paedogenesis

Periparturient rise in fecal egg count Prolactin hormone associated around parturition relaxes the immunity and favors the increased fecundity of worms

Earthworms play a role in the life cycle of the following except a.Dioctophyma renale b.Stephanurus dentatus c.Angiostrongylus cantonensis d.Metastrongylus apri

Angiostrongylus cantonensis Angiostrongylus cantonensis requires snail as IH, the rest needs earthworms

The following may be a sequel of Strongylus vulgaris in horse except a.Bloat b.Tremors c.Thromboembolism d.Intestinal stasis

Tremors

Percutaneous infection is possible with the following parasites except a.Ancylostoma caninum b.Stephanurus dentatus c.Bunostomum phlebotomum d.Metastrongylus apri

Metastrongylus apri All others can be acquired by skin penetration; lungworms are acquired thru ingestion of infected earthworms

The following may be associated with liver damage in pigs EXCEPT a.Trichuris suis b.Stephanurus dentatus c.Gnathostoma doloresi d.Ascaris suis

Trichuris suis No migratory phase in the liver

Pimply gut lesions in ruminants develop in subsequent infections with a.Trichostrongylus axei b.Oesophagostomum columbianum c. Haemonchus contortus d.Mecistocirrus digitatus

Oesophagostomum columbianum L3 undergo histotrophic phase forming nodules “pimply gut”. In primary infection, L4 stage larvae migrate from the SI and into the LI to resume development into adults. Subsequent infections delays migration out of the intestinal wall with host immunity

These worms may be found in the aorta of the vertebrate host except a.Elaeophora poeli b.Spirocerca lupi c.Cheilospirura hamulosa d.Dirofilaria immitis

Cheilospirura hamulosa Cheilospirura hamulosa lodges in the gizzard; also, it is not a vertebrate host

Alimentary tract is absent in a.Trematodes and cestodes b.Roundworms and cestodes c.Cestodes and Acanthocephala d.Acanthocephala and trematodes

Cestodes and Acanthocephala Nutrients directly through the cuticle

River blindness which is transmitted by blackflies is caused by a.Thelazia lachrymalis b.Oxyspirura mansoni c.Onchocerca volvulus d.Loa loa

Onchocerca volvulus The three are eyeworms but river blindness specifically refers to Onchocerca which is transmitted by Simulium, that thrives in the river.

Female Physaloptera praeputialis, Spirocera lupi, Ascarops strongylina and Metastrongylus species are a.Viviparous b.Oviparous c. Larviparous d.Oviviparous

Oviviparous Both lay larvated eggs

Measly pork is associated with a.Trichinella spiralis b.Taenia solium c.Taenia multiceps d.Taenia asiatica

Taenia solium Measly refer to the cysticercus in meat

Adult Trichuris sp. has a uniquely long esophagus of this type a.Stichosome b.Filariform c. cornuate d.rhabditiform

Stichosome

Adult Trichuris sp. has a uniquely long esophagus of this type a.Stichosome b.Filariform c. cornuate d.rhabditiform

Stichosome

The following species require arthropod intermediate hosts only to complete their life cycle EXCEPT a. Hymenolepis diminuta b.Mesocestoides lineatus c. Dipylidium caninum d.Raillietina tetragona

Mesocestoides lineatus Mesocestoides require arthropod and mammalian host

Pyriform apparatus is a diagnostic feature present in the following species except a.Moniezia expansa b.Anoplocephala perfoliate c.Avitellina punctata d.Paranoplocephala perfoliata

Avitellina punctata All others bear pyriform apparatus in the egg

The smallest tapeworm of medical importance that lodge in the small intestine a. Davainea proglottina b.Hymenolepis nana c.Metagonimus yokogawai d.Echinococcus granulosus

Echinococcus granulosus Smallest in poultry

The only tapeworm species that may complete its life cycle even without an intermediate host a.Hymenolepis nana b.Mesocestoides lineatus c.Taenia asiatica d.Capillaria philippinensis

Hymenolepis nana H. nana can do direct or indirect life cycle

The animal host that carries the metacestode of Taenia serialis a.Cats b.Rabbit c. Dogs d.Sheep

Rabbit

The adult stages of the following tapeworms are found in dogs except a.Taenia taeniaeformis b.Taenia ovis c.Echinococcus granulosus d.Taenia multiceps

Taenia taeniaeformis Occurs in cats. Others are in dogs

Threadworms may be acquired by the following means except a. skin penetration b.Milk c. ingestion of infective stage d.vector

Vector No mechanical or biological transmissions

Finding “cooked rice grain” looking segments in the feces of goats may suggest infection with a.Anoplocephala perfoliata b.Thysanosoma actinioides c.Avitellina punctata d.Moniezia expansa

Moniezia expansa Gravid segments of Moniezia expansa look like cooked rice grain

Milk spot lesions in pigs may be associated with a.Taenia solium b.Ascaris suis c.Metastrongylus apri d.Trichuris suis

Ascaris suis Milk spots are the result of larval migration of larvae

For diagnostic application, the less prominent bipolar plugs are seen in eggs of a.Capillaria plica b.Trichinella spiralis c.Trichuris suis d.Trichuris ovis

Capillaria plica

The following structures may be found in a male nematode except a. copulatory bursa b.Spicule c.Spermatheca d.vas deferens

Spermatheca Spermatheca is a female sex organ use to temporarily store the sperm

The following are heteroxenous lung parasites EXCEPT: a. Dictyocaulus arnfieldi b.Metastronglus apri c.Protostrongylus rufescens d.Muellerius capillaris

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

Haemonchus contortus, a common strongyle worm of ruminants can be best identified conventionally in the laboratory by this technique a.flotation b.sedimentation c. Larval culture d.PCR

Larval culture Strongyle eggs are difficult to identify in the egg stage

The migratory phase of this worm species leads to colic in horses a.Strongylus vulgaris b.Strongylus equinus c.Parascaris equorum d.Habronema majus

Strongylus vulgaris S. vulgaris migrates in the cranial mesenteric artery resulting to thromboembolism, intestinal stasis then colic

The following are true about Dirofilaria immitis except a.Preventive program should not commence until 6 months b.Infection is acquired by the bite of infected mosquito c.There is less chance for worms to reach patency in dogs than in cats d.Reduced stamina is a common sign

There is less chance for worms to reach patency in dogs than in cats Only few adult worms can be found in cats. Dogs can have a hundred or more

This pair has the same mode of acquiring infection by the final host EXCEPT a.Oxyspirura mansoni-Thelazia lachrymalis b.Metastrongylus apri- Dioctophyma renale c.Dictyocaulus viviparus-Haemonchus contortus d.Physaloptera preputialis-Spirocerca lupi

Oxyspirura mansoni-Thelazia lachrymalis Oxyspirura mansoni (cockroach) Oxyspirura mansoni (cockroach) -Thelazia lachrymalis (housefly) Metastrongylus apri- Dioctophyma renale (earthworm) Dictyocaulus viviparus-Haemonchus contortus (ingestion of L3) Physaloptera preputialis-Spirocerca lupi (ingestion of infected beetle

Which of the following has the longest life cycle? a.Strongylus vulgaris b.Strongylus equinus c. Dirofilaria immitis d.Stephanurus dentatus

Stephanurus dentatus Strongylus vulgaris (2.5-6mos) Strongylus equinus (1.5-5 mos) Dirofilaria immitis (6-7 mos) Stephanurus dentatus (9-12 mos)

The eggs of this worm among domestic ruminants can easily be identified because of its unusually large size a.Nematodirus b.Mecistocirrus c.Cooperia d.Trichostrongylus

Nematodirus

Identification of strongyle eggs in ruminants through fecalysis, is based on their typical features being a.Oval, smooth, thick- shelled and unsegmented when laid b.Oval, smooth, thin- shelled and segmented when laid c.Oval, shell is thick, finely mammilated and unsegmented when laid d.Round, thick and pitted shell and unsegmented when laid

Oval, smooth, thin- shelled and segmented when laid