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Utah State Master Gardener > Entomology > Flashcards

Entomology Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of insects are considered pests? (cause economic or medical problems)

A

Less than 1%.

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2
Q

How do pest insects generally damage plants?

A

Directly by removing tissue or fluids, or indirectly by transmitting diseases.

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3
Q

Insects that feed on plants are known as…

A

… herbivores.

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4
Q

Insects that eat other insects are known as…

A

…carnivores.

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5
Q

Insects that eat both plant and animal matter are known as…

A

…omnivores.

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6
Q

What benefits do insects provide to the earth’s ecology?

A

Pollination, Macro Decomposition, Biological Control (e.g., parasitic wasps & predatory beetles), as well as providing a food source for larger animals.

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7
Q

Insects comprise what percentage of living organisms on earth?

A

~50%

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8
Q

The concept of using environmentally-friendly control measures first, and then using chemicals as a last resort, is called…

A

…Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

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9
Q

The 4 pest management tactics used in IPM are…

A

…(1) Mechanical; Physical Methods, (2) Cultural Methods, (3) Biological Methods, and (4) Chemical Methods.

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10
Q

In IPM, hand removal of insects and eggs is a form of …

A

Mechanical control.

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11
Q

In IPM, water sprays are a form of…

A

Mechanical control.

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12
Q

In IPM, plant guards such as row covers, paper collars, or tin cans around the plant are forms of…

A

Mechanical control.

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13
Q

In IPM, a sticky collar around a tree trunk is a form of…

A

Mechanical control.

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14
Q

In IPM, a mesh that covers a plant is a form of…

A

Mechanical control.

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15
Q

In IPM, a layer of aluminum foil on the soil beneth a plant (repels aphids & leafhoppers), is a form of…

A

Mechanical control.

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16
Q

There are a variety of traps to catch different types of insects. In IPM, these traps are a form of…

A

Mechanical control.

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17
Q

In IPM, using methods to exploit the “weak links” in a pest’s life cycle, are forms of…

A

…Cultural control.

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18
Q

In IPM, crop rotation is a form of…

A

…Cultural control.

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19
Q

In IPM, sanitation, such as removing debris or plant parts (e.g., fruits, stems, etc.) to decrease overwintering and reproduction sites, are forms of…

A

…Cultural control.

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20
Q

In IPM, crop destruction, such as removing dead plant matter, which can eliminate overwintering sites and reduce the spread of infestation, is a form of…

A

…Cultural control.

21
Q

In IPM, the process of tillage, which reduces the amount of plant matter available to isects, is a form of…

A

…Cultural control.

22
Q

In IPM, proper irrigation and fertilization, which results in healthy plants, are forms of…

A

…Cultural control.

23
Q

Overwatering can promote an outbreak of what insect?

A

Mosquitoes.

24
Q

In IPM, row spacing is a form of…

A

Cultural control.

25
Q

In IPM, planting diverse and flowering plants, is a form of…

A

Cultural control.

26
Q

In IPM, planting a sacrificial plant on the boarders of the garden, is a form of…

A

Cultural control.

27
Q

In IPM, planting varieties that are resistant to common pests and diseases, is a form of…

A

Cultural control.

28
Q

Plant breeders use 3 approaches to develop ‘resistant’ cultivars. They are…

A

(1) Antibiosis: plants that produce defensive compounds as a part of their growth. (2) Antixenosis (nonpreference): Plants that produce physical or chemical properties that are unpalatable to pests. (3) Tolerance: Plants that are better able to tolerate the effects of insect feeding.

29
Q

In IPM, using natural enemies or pathogens against pests is known as:

A

Biological Methods.

30
Q

Natural enemies to pest insects can include…

A

…Predators and Parasitoids

31
Q

In IPM, using a microbial insecticide, which contains microorganisms the surpress certain pests, is known as…

A

…a biological method.

32
Q

One of the most popular microbial insecticides is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which has what results?

A

It disrupts the insect gut with harmful bacteria.

33
Q

In IPM, the use of chemical pesticides is known as…

A

…Chemical Methods.

34
Q

What are three (3) disadvantages of using chemical pesticides?

A

(1) the development of pest resistance to the chemical, (2) resurgence of the insect population due to developed resistance, and (3) the destruction of natural enemies to the pest and the destruction of pollinators.

35
Q

In IPM, the decision to spray with chemical insecticides is reached when the pest is so numerous that an unacceptable level of damage is caused. This is called…

A

… the Economic Threshold.

36
Q

In home gardens the concept of an economic threshold is not a standard measure. What is generally used instead?

A

In home gardens the decision to spray chemicals is generally an ARBITRARY level. Each gardener has a level of plant damage they are willing to accept.

37
Q

“Traditional” insecticides are generally…

A

…broad spectrum and very toxic.

38
Q

“Soft” insecticides are ones that…

A

…are narrow spectrum, usually targeting on specific pests, and they are not “persistent” in that they break down quickly in the environment.

39
Q

What is the key to using any insecticide?

A

Knowing WHAT to spray and WHEN to spray it.

40
Q

Why is it important to alternate what insecticide sprays you are using?

A

To avoid developing resistance to the spray.

41
Q

What is meant by saying that different insecticides have different modes of action?

A

It means that they bring about insect death in different ways.

42
Q

What is the best source of insecticide information regarding mixture ratios, application rates, pre-harvest intervals, and appropriate protective equipment?

A

The product label.

43
Q

What is the ‘best’ overall strategy to produce long-lasting solutions to pest problems?

A

Plant resistant and tolerant varieties.

44
Q

What is the difference between a parasitic and a predatory insect?

A

A parasitic insect lays its eggs inside another insect or its eggs. A predatory insect eats it prey.

45
Q

What are two types of insect metamorphosis?

A

Simple and complete metamorphosis.

46
Q

What is ‘simple’ metamorphosis?

A

A three (3) stage process where the insect changes from an egg to a nymph, and finally to an adult. Nymphs molt 3 to 7 times and look like wingless versions of the adult.

47
Q

What is ‘complete’ metamorphosis?

A

A four (4) stage process where the insect changes from an egg, to a larva, to a pupa to and adult. Larvae typically look very different from the adult.

48
Q

Identify This Image

A

Spotted Asparagus Beetle (Adult)

(Crioceris Asparagi)

2-3 generations per year

Overwinters as an adult

Eggs are brown and laid on end in rows

Larvae & Adults feed on spears & ferns

49
Q

Name This Insect

A

Utah State Master Gardener (7 decks)

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