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MICROBIOLOGY > Enterobacteriaceae > Flashcards

Enterobacteriaceae Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristics

A
  • facultative anearobe or aerobe
  • motile with peritrichous flagella except for KELBSIELLA & SHIGELLA
  • has pilli/ fimbriae for attachment
  • members of this family may posses ANTIGENIC DETERMINANCE
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2
Q

Motile at what temp?

A
  • at room temp (20-22) but non motile at 37 is genus yersinia, except yersinia pestis
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3
Q

grows well on what agar

A
  • MacConkey agar ( selective differential)

- BAP (dlarge dull gray colonies with variable hemolysis)

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4
Q

ferments what?

A

glucose –> gas production (except shigella)

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5
Q

catalase positive except

A

shigella dysenteriae

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6
Q

cytochrome oxidase negative except

A

plesiomonas

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7
Q

2 groups of enterobacteriacae

A

intestinal and opportunistic

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8
Q

intestinal pathogens

A
  • never normal flora

- salmonella, shigella, yersinia entercolitica

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9
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A
  • GIT flora that can cause infections outside the GIT
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10
Q

Antigenic determinance

A
  • used on serologic test

- can be used to identify salmonella, shigella and, kelbsiella and e.coli

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11
Q

O or somatic antigen

A
  • Outermost part of the cell wall
  • heat stable
  • 164 types in E. coli
  • 4 serotypes in Shigella (A,B,C,D)
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12
Q

K or envelope antigen or capsular antigen

A
  • consist of capsular polysaccharide
  • heat labile
  • said to have K-antigen: E. coli, klebsiella, salmonella
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13
Q

H flagellar antigen

A
  • found only in motile members of the family ( Shigella and Klebsiella do not have)
  • protein in nature
  • heat labile
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14
Q

Serotype 0111

A

causes diarrhea in infants

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15
Q

Serotype 0157

A

associated with vero toxin production

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16
Q

S. typhi

A

said to have Vi antigen, this antigen is categorized as K antigen

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17
Q

sample used to detect this family

A

stool

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18
Q

plated media used of intended for this family

A

MacConkey, EMB (Eosin methylene blue agar) and SSA (Salmonella Shigella (SS) Agar)

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19
Q

what to do with growth after incubation?

*direct detection in stool is insignificant because if the large number of normal flora

A
  • use in smear preparation (gram staining)

- members of this family have similar microscopic appearance —> insignificant for initial detection

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20
Q

Screening test for this family

A

Oxidase test

any organism that has negative (-) result for this test is suspected to be a member of this family

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21
Q

used to identify the genera or species after oxidase test

A

series of biochem test

  • carbohydrate fermentation test
  • ONPG test
  • gelatin hydrolysis test
  • IMVIC test
  • urease test
  • Deaminase test
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22
Q

2 most common culture media

A

MacConkey and EMB

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23
Q

what kind of media is MacConkey and EMB

A

selective - differential

no gram (+) can grow on this media because they have inhibitory agents

both ferments lactose

indicators:
EMB - eosin Y and methylene blue
MacConkey - neutral red

Fermenters - turn pink/ purple

Non-fermenters - colorless

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24
Q

inhibitory agent for EMB

A

eosin methylene blue

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25
Q

inhibitory agent for MacConkey

A

bile slats and crystal violet

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26
Q

XLD agar

A

selective - differential media

indicator - phenol red

ferments lactose, sucrose and xylose

fermenters - yellow

non-fermenters- red/ colorless

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27
Q

Hektoen Enteric Agar (HEA)

A

selective - differential media

indicator- bromthymol blue

ferments salicin, lactose and sucrose

fermenters- yellow with or without black

non-fermenters- green/ colorless with or without black

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28
Q

SSA (salmonella shigella agar)

A

in some books this is selective media, selective-differential in others

ferments lactose

indicator-neutral red

fermenters- red

non-fermenters

  • colorless with black center SALMONELLA
  • colorless w/o black center SHIGELLA
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29
Q

BSA (bismuth sulfite agar)

A

selective media for salmonella

ferments glucose

indicator- bismuth blue

black colonies

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30
Q

Enrichment media

A

GN broth

Selenite broth - for Salmonella and Shigella

Tertathionate broth - for Salmonella

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31
Q

CIN (cefsulodin irgasan novobiocin)

A

selective for Yersinia

indicator- neutral red

contains manitol

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32
Q

EMB

A

Klebsiella pnuemoniae - pink to purple mucoid colonies (bc it is encapsulated)

E.coli- pink to purple colonies with greensih metalic sheen

Enterobacter - pink to purple colonies with black centers giving it a FISH EYE appearance

THESE ARE RAPID LACTOSE FERMENTERS

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33
Q

Carbohydrate fermentation test

A

done to detect acid production

Media: TSI (triple sugar iron)
that is dispensed as butt & slant, traditional media used for detection of carbohydrate fermentation

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34
Q

Components of TSI

A

10 parts lactose, 10 parts sucrose, 1 part lactose

pH indicator - phenol red

H2S indicator - sodium thiosulfate and ammonium sulfate

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35
Q

possible results of carbohydrate fermentation test

A

acid pH - YELLOW
alkaline pH - REMAIN RED
H2S production - BLACKENING
gas production - SPILLTING, CRACKING PULLING AWAY OF MEDIA

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36
Q

how to read result of carbohydrate fermentation test

A

read as slant/butt

Acid/ yellow = A
Alkaline/ red = K

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37
Q

replacement of TSI of not available

A

Kligler’s Iron Agar

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38
Q

Kligler’s Iron Agar

A

has the same components of TSI except sucrose

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39
Q

K/K interpretation and classification

A

no sugar was fermented
NON-FERMENTER –> not a member of family enetrbacteriacae

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - no.1 non-fermenter

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40
Q

K/A interpretation and classification

A

only 1 sugar was fermented (glucose)

NON-LACTOSE FERMENTER

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41
Q

A/A interpretation and classification

A

2-3 sugars were fermented
Glucose (+); lactose or sucrose (+)
LACTOSE FERMENTER

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42
Q

Lactose fermenters

A

EEK (ew embaho ko)

Enterobacter
Escherichia
Klebsiella

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43
Q

Late/ slow lactose fermenters

A

ONPG test is used

C3SY (C3SY yaw q na)

Citrobacter
Serratia
S. arizonae 
S. sonnei 
Y. enetercolitica
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44
Q

non-lactose fermenters

A

PMPE (pepe mong panget echos)

Poteus
Morganella
Providensia
Endwadrsiela

all salmonella except S. arizona

all shigella except S. sonnei

all yersenia except Y. enterocolitica

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45
Q

ONPG test is used to detect what

A
  1. late lactose fermenters
  2. differentiate citrobacter (+) from salmonella (-) except for arizona

ONPG broth or disk

(+) YELLOW

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46
Q

ONPG positive

A 
Eskerichia coli
Kelsiella spp.
Y. enterocoliticus
enterobacter
citrobacter spp.
S. sonnei
H. aleveli
A. arizonae
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47
Q

ONPG negative

A 
Proteus spp. 
Salmonella spp.
Shigella spp.
Providensia
Y. pestis
Morganella 
Y. pseudotuberculosis
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48
Q

Gelatine hydrolysis test

A

organism is inoculated in nutrient gelatin media incubated for 14 days at 35-37C —> daily remove from incubator and place in ref for 30 mins or until the media has gelled ( since it is a semi solid media if this is not done it will liquefy)

(+) GEL LIQUEFACTION
(-) COMPLETE SOLIDIFICATION AT 4C

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49
Q

used in the detection of serratia

A

Gelatine hydrolysis test and DNAse

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50
Q

IMViC test

A

Indole-Methylene- Vouges Proskauer-Citrate

used to differentiate rapid lactose fermenters (EEW)

uses 4 tubes

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51
Q

INDOLE test

A

used to detect the ability of organism to produce indole from tryptophan ( to detect enzyme tryptophanase)

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52
Q

METHYLENE RED test

A

used to detect acid production when glucose is metabolized

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53
Q

VOGES PROSKAUER test

A

used to detct the ability of the organism to produce acethylmethyl carbinol ( acetoin)

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54
Q

CITRATE UTILIZATION test

A

to detect ability of organism to use citrate at the only carbon source

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55
Q

where to inoculate when doing indole test

A

Sim media - a semi-solid media dispensed as butt

Tryptophan broth

incubate –> inoculation –> add reagent

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56
Q

Reagent for indole test

A

KOVAC’S OR EHRLICH’S REAGENT

EHRLICH’S REAGENT is more sensitive in detecting small amounts of indole

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57
Q

indole test results

A

(+) red ring at the junction

(-) no color development

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58
Q

where to inoculate when doing MR test and VP test

A

MRVP broth or clark lubbs broth

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59
Q

reagent for MR test

A

methyl red

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60
Q

MR test result

A

(+) distinct red color pH less than 4.5

(-) no color change

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61
Q

VP test reagent

A

Barrits method - 5% alpha naphtol & 40% KOH

Coblentz - creatine & 40% KOH

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62
Q

VP test results

A

(+) pink to red color

(-) no color

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63
Q

Citrate utilization inoculation medium

A

Simmon citrate agar - tube media dispensed as slant; green when uninoculated

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64
Q

Citrate utilization test reagent

A

no reagent added - because the media has incorporated incubator BROMTHYMOL BLUE

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65
Q

Citrate utilization test result

A

(+) BLUE - Prussian

(-) GREEN

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66
Q

how to read IMViC test result

A

read results after 24hrs except MR test

MR test- read after 48 hrs, because after 24 hours it is false positive because all members of family enterobacteriacaea are MR positive after 24 hrs

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67
Q

chemical name for KOVAC’s

A

paradymethyl aminobenzaldehyde

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68
Q

MRPV reactions are always?

A

OPPOSITE

if MR is positive VP is negative and VV

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69
Q

K/K H2S (-)

A

PB ( panget si burk)

Pseudomonas & Burkholderia

70
Q

K/A H2S (-)

A

PMS

Providencia
Morganella
Shigella

71
Q

K/A H2S & Gas (+)

A

SPACE

Salmonella 
Proteus
Arizona
C. freudi
E. tarda
72
Q

A/A H2S (-) & Gas (+)

A

EEK

Escherichia
Enterobacter
Klebsiella

73
Q

Urease test

A

used to detect PPM (proteus - providencia - morganella)

based on the ability of the organism to convert urea from ammonia through the action of enzyme urease

Christensen urea agar/ urea broth

74
Q

test for suspected PPM

A

manual identification use Urease and Deaminase (priority test)

but can also use ONPG and IMViC

75
Q

PPM (proteus - providencia - morganella)

A

rapid urease producers - within 4 hrs

76
Q

slow urease producers

A

after 4 hrs

KEY-SC
Klebsiella 
Enterobacter
Yersinia
Serratia 
Citrobacter
77
Q

indicator for urea test

A

phenol red

78
Q

results in urea test

A

(+) PINK

(-) NO CHANGE OR YELLOW

79
Q

Rapid urease producers aside from PPM

A

HUNT-C

H. pylori
Ureaplasma (urogenital pathogen)
Nocardia
C. neofromans
T. metangrophytes
80
Q

Deaminase test

A

also used to identify PPM

81
Q

what does deaminase test use for inoculation

A

LapTriP

lysine, tryptophan and phenylalanine

overnight culture

82
Q

Deaminase test result

A

(+) with phenylalanine agar GREEN
(+) with tryptophan agar BROWN
(+) LIA (lysine iron agar): PPM

83
Q

deaminase test detector reagent

A

10% ferric chloride

84
Q

test that will separate Salmonella and Shigella

A

2MHD

  1. motility test
  2. malonate utilization test
  3. to detect H2S production
  4. Decarboxylase test
85
Q

Motility test

A

used to detect motile species

but in family eneterobacteriacae it is used to detect non-motile Klebsiella and Shigella

SALMONELLA - non-invasive & motile
SHIGELLA - invasive & non-motile (can cause bloody diarrhea)

86
Q

Media for motility test

A

sim media - semi solid media displayed as butt

innoculation –> incubate
inoculate by stabbing

87
Q

motility test results

A

(+)/motile - outside the line on inoculation
(-)/ non- motile - at the line

SIM MEDIA + TTC - is used for easy reading of results
(triphenyl tetrazolium chloride- colorless dye that turns red with organism growth) - optional only

88
Q

Malonate utilization test

A

detect the ability of the organism to use sodium as the only carbon source

89
Q

Indicator for malonate utilization test

A

bromthymol blue

90
Q

results for malonate utilization test

A

(+) blue –> salmonella

(-) green –> shigella

91
Q

Test to detect H2S production

A

uses any media provided that it has indicator for H2S production

92
Q

media with H2S indicator

A

TISH

TSI
LIA
SIM (most sensitive to H2S)
HEA

93
Q

H2S indicator for HEA, SSA and LIA

A

ferric ammonium citrate

94
Q

(+) H2S production

A

blackening

SALMONELLA 
Edwarsiella tarda
Citrobacter freudii
Proteus vulgaris 
Proteus mirabilis
95
Q

Decarboxylase test

A

detect the ability of the organism to remove carboxyl group from specific amino acid through the release of enzyme decarboxylase

the ability of the organism to produce decarboxylase that is needed in order to remove carboxyl group from the amino acid

96
Q

3 amino acids that can be used for decarboxylase test

A

LOA

Lysine
Ornithine
Arginine

97
Q

What carboxyl is removed from Lysine?

A

Cadaverine

LC (laway conscious)

98
Q

What carboxyl is removed from Ornithine?

A

Putrescine

OP (out of place)

99
Q

What carboxyl is removed from Arginine?

A

Citrulline

AC (aircone)

100
Q

2 options to use for Decarboxylase test

A

LIA or Moeller’s broth

101
Q

result for decarboxylase test

A

(+) purple
(-) yellow

first few hours turn yello (when glucose is fermented) then after and when amino acid is attacked it will turn purple (decarboxylation)

102
Q

indicator for decarboxylase test

A

bromcresol purple

103
Q

Moeller’s broth components

A

basale media + bromcresol purple + 1 % glucose + amino acid

inoculate –> overlay with mineral oil –> incubate

104
Q

test names for decarboxylase test

A

Lysine decarboxylase test
Ornithine decarboxylase test
Arginine dihyrdrolase test

105
Q

purpose of mineral oil

A

will act as oxygen barrier –> will make the environment anaerobic

106
Q

Salmonella resembles what?

A

Citrobacter

107
Q

Shigella resembles what?

A

E. coli

108
Q

LIA (lysine iron agar)

A

not a biochemical test

a tube media used to detect deamination and decarboxylation

dispensed as slant and butt

can also detect production of H2S

3 in 1 test

109
Q

what is used to observe for deamination?

A

SLANT

110
Q

what is used to observe for decarboxylation?

A

BUTT

111
Q

result for deamination

A

(+) burgundy/ red

(-) purple

112
Q

interpretation for purple/ purple on LIA

A

K/K

(-) deamination
(+) decarboxylase

SALMONELLA

113
Q

interpretation for purple/ yellow on LIA

A

K/A

(-) deamination
(-) decarboxylase

SHIGELLA

114
Q

interpretation for red/yellow on LIA

A

R/A

(+) deamination
(-) decarboxylase

PPM

115
Q

Reported as K/K

A

EKESEHES (eagle knows every sound every hi every song)

Escherichia coli
Kelbsiella spp.
Enterobacter app.
Serratia spp. 
Enterbacter spp.
Hafnia spp.
Edwarshiella tarda.
Salmonella spp.
116
Q

Reported as K/A

A

SEY-C

Enterobacter cloacae
Citrobacter spp.
Yersinia spp.
Shigella spp.

117
Q

Reported as R/A

A

PPM

118
Q

PPM

A

biochemically similar, rapid urease producers (within 4 hrs) and deaminase (+)

non-lactose fermenters
reported K/A on TSI

119
Q

2 significant species of Genus Proteus

A

Proteus vulgaris

Proteus mirabilis

120
Q

Proteus mirabilis

A

most commonly isolated

may cause pneumonia and septicemia

121
Q

Proteus vulgaris

A

causes nosocomial UTI

122
Q

Genus Proteus

A

used as a source of antigens in Weil Felix Test (a serologic test used to detect rickettsial infections)

Proteus vulgaris -OX2 & OX19
Proteus mirabilis - OXK

123
Q

Genus Proteus colonies

A

colorless colonies (because they are non-lactose fermenters) with burnt chocolate/ burnt gun powder odor

shows SWARMING on BAP

124
Q

Genus Providencia

A

no swarming
normal intestinal flora
species: P. rettgeri and P. stuartii

125
Q

Genus Morganella

A

no swarming
Species: M. morganii
can cause UTIs and RTIs

126
Q

Genus Yersinia

A

motile at room temp but not motile at 37C - except for yersinia pestis

PEP
Yersinia pestis
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

127
Q

Yersinia pestis

A

causative agent PLAGUE - transmitted through flee bites

bioterrorism agent

128
Q

Yersinia pestis colonies

A

safety pin appearance because of bipolar staining of wayson stain/ methylene blue

liquid media- stalactite/
flocculent growth
on BAP- hammered copper colonies (can be noted only after 48 hrs-shinning)

129
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

causes enterocolitis - symptoms are mistaken for appendicitis

late lactose fermenter

can tolerate cold enrichment (can grow at 4C for several weeks)

130
Q

causes psuedoappendicular syndrome

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

131
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica colinies

A

bull’s eye colonies on CIN media (contains neutral red and mannitol)

colorless colonies or pink colonies with red center

132
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

A

agent pf mesenteric lymphadenitis

133
Q

Spread via fecal oral route

A

Salmonella and Shigella

134
Q

Genus Shigella

A

has 4 serotypes (A,B,C,D)

Causes shigellosis/ bacillary dysentery (bloody diarrhea because they are invasive)

can produce endtoxin

135
Q

Shigella serotype A

A

Shigella dysenteria / shiga bacillus

lactose fermenter

can produce endotoxic and neurotoxin (why it is most severe)

136
Q

Shigella serotype B

A

Shigella flexneri / strong’s bacillus

lactose fermenter

137
Q

Shigella serotype C

A

Shigella boydii / new castle manchesters bacillus

lactose fermenter

138
Q

Shigella serotype D

A

Shigella sonnei /duval’s bacillus

late/ slow lactose fermenter

139
Q

Genus Salmonella

A

can cause an number of infections

140
Q

causes typhoid fever

A

S. typhi

141
Q

site of long term S. typhi

A

gall bladder

142
Q

2 primary species of genus salmonella

A

S. enterica - human pathogen

S. bongori - animal pathogen

143
Q

Genus Enterobacter

A

are normal intestinal flora but can cause opportunistic infections

144
Q

most predominant isolate of enterobacter

A

E. cloacae

145
Q

E. sakasakii –> now Cronobacter sakasakii

A

causes yellow pigment that intensifies at room temp

can cause necrotizing colitis due to powdered infant milk formula

146
Q

Genus Klebsiella significant species

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

147
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

friedlander’s bacillus

can cause community acquired pneumonia (produces currant jelly like sputum)

*if rust colored sputum = spretococcus pneumoniae

encapsulated = naufeld quellang (+)

148
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae colonies

A

mucoid = string test (+)

149
Q

biochemically what resembles K. pneumonia?

A

K. oxytoca

can be differentiated by indole test
(+) K. oxytoca
(-) Pneumoniae

150
Q

Genus Escherichia

A

most significant is E. coli

151
Q

Escherichia coli

A

1 cause of UTI

aka COLON BACILLUS

normal GIT flora that’s why it is found in normal stools (+) always in stool

primary marker of fecal contamination

A/A on TSI

IMViC: ++–

152
Q

2 serotypes of E.coli

A

Nephrapathogenic E.coli/ Uropathogenic E.coli- causes UTI

Diarrheagenic/ Enterovirulent E.coli - causes diarrhea

153
Q

ETEC

A

entertoxigenic e. coli

causes profuse/ severe watery diarrhea that is CHOLERA LIKE (not bloody)

154
Q

EIEC

A

enteroinvasive e.coli

causes bloody diarrhea but not severe that is shigella like

155
Q

EPEC

A

enteropathogenic e.coli

non-toxigenic & non-invasive but can cause diarrhea in infants

156
Q

EAEC

A

enteroaggregative e.coli

acute and persistent diarrhea in children and adults

causes mucoid watery diarrhea w/o RBCs or WBCs

157
Q

DAEC

A

diffusely adherent e.coli

constitutes the 6th group in enterovirulent e.coli

can cause diarrhea in healthy patients – watery diarrhea w/o RBCs and WBCs

158
Q

EHEC/VTEC/ STEC

MOST SIGNIFICANT!

A

enterohemorrhagic e.coli/ verotoxic e.coli/ shiga toxin producing e.coli

causes severe bloody diarrhea due to its ability to produce VEROTOXIN

specific example: E.coli 0157:H7

159
Q

E.coli characteristics

A

all lactose (+) on MacConkey agar — pink purple colonies (NO EXCEPTION)

160
Q

used to detect E.coli 0157:H7

A

Sorbitol MacConkey agar

instead of lactose it contains sorbitol, but same

indicator: neutral red
inhibitor: crystal violet and bile salt

all are positive except for 0157:H7

161
Q

MUG test

A

used to characterize vero tixin producing e.coli

Prepared by impregnating MUG (4-methylumbelliferyl-B-D-glucronide)

to detect B-D-glucronidase priduuces by E.coli and otherr enterobacteriacae

162
Q

results for MUG test

A

(+) electric blue fluorescence under UV
(-) no fluorescence

if it is a colorimetric assay:yellow

(-) E.coli 0157:H7

163
Q

Red pigment produced by Serratia marcescens

A

PRODIGIOSIN

164
Q

Genus known to produce a number of enzymes such as DNase, Gelatinase, Lipase

A

SERRATIA

165
Q

Considered as a late lactose fermenter, with delayed citrate activity

A

Hafnia alvei (Formerly Enterobacter hafniae)

166
Q

Can cause secretory diarrhea in AIDS patients with inflammatory bowel disease

A

Plesiomonas shigelloides

167
Q

Can cause wound infections & bacteremia

A

Edwardsiella tarda

168
Q

Brilliant green agar

A

for salmonella except for S. typhi

snow flake colonies

169
Q

Brilliant green agar indicator

A

phenol red

170
Q

Brilliant green agar inhibitory agent

A

brilliant red

171
Q

EAEC and DAEC

A

may cause pediatric diarrhea

MICROBIOLOGY (9 decks)

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