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ENTJaz > ENT Physiology > Flashcards

ENT Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

gustation =

receptor cells mainly in __

A

taste

taste buds

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2
Q

taste bud = alternating __+__ with __ on surface and ___ below

A

receptor and support cells
microvilli
taste afferents

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3
Q

life span of a taste receptor cell =

replaced from __

A

10days

basal cells in taste bud

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4
Q

sites of taste buds =

A

tongue
palate
epiglottis
pharynx

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5
Q

3 types of tongue papillae that contain taste buds =

A

fungiform, vallate and follate

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6
Q

type of tongue papillae that doesnt contain taste buds =

A

fusiform - the most numerous type of tongue papillae

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7
Q

tastant binding to receptor cell > ____ depolarise > AP in ___ > __+__ > ___ areas

A

cell ionic channels
afferents
brainstem and thalamus
cortical gustatory

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8
Q

taste to posterior 1/3rd of tongue is sensed by __

A

CN IX

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9
Q

taste to non-tongue taste buds is sensed by ___

A

CN X

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10
Q

salty taste is stimulated by __

A

chemical salts esp. NaCl

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11
Q

5 primary tastes =

A

salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami

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12
Q

sweet taste is stimulated by __

A

the chemical composition of glucose

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13
Q

sour taste is stimulated by ____

A

acids with free H+

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14
Q

bitter taste is stimulated by ____

A

alkaloids
poisons
toxins

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15
Q

umami taste is stimulated by ___

A

amino acids esp. glutamate

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16
Q

3 names of the abnormalities of taste that can occur __

A

ageusia (loss)
hypogeusia (reduced)
dysgeusia (distorted)

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17
Q

olfactory mucosa consists of __+__+__

A

olfactory receptor cells, supporting and basal cells (secrete mucous)

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18
Q

olfactory receptors = specialised endings of ___ each with a ____ and expanded end called an ___

A

renewable afferent neurons
thick short dendrite
olfactory rod

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19
Q

___ project from olfactory rods (__-__ per neuron) and bind to ___

A

cilia
10-12
olfactants

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20
Q

life span of olfactory receptors =

precursors =

A

2 months

basal cells

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21
Q

axons of olfactory receptors collectively form afferent fibres of ___ pierce ___ and enter ___>___>olfactory areas in the ___ lobe

A 
olfactory nerve
cribriform plate
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
temporal
22
Q

for a molecule to be smelled must be __+__

A

volatile enough

sufficiently water soluble (to dissolve in mucus)

23
Q

early nasal sign of Parkinson’s

A

hyposmia

24
Q

humans perceive __-___ Hz

A

20-20k

25
Q

tympanic:oval window = __:__ =impedence matching air to liquid
results in a __ gain of ___

A

18:1

pressure 22x

26
Q

ventilation pathway for middle ear =

has + parts

A

eustachian tube

bony and cartilagenous

27
Q

cartilagenous tube of eustachian tube is usually ___ it is opened by ___+___

A

closed

tensor veli palatini and levator palatine muscles

28
Q

dysfunction of eustachian tube causes middle ear __ pressure

A

-ve

29
Q

spiral lamina of the cochlea turns around ____

A

central modiolus

30
Q

scala media and scala tympani and vestibuli are filled with ___

A

media = endolymph

tympani and vestibuli = perilymph

31
Q

Na+ and K+ in endo and perilymph

distribution is actively maintained to __

A

endo = 5Na+ and 150K+
peri = 150 Na+ and 5K+
power sensory cells

32
Q

inner hair cells in cochlea are responsible for ___

A

sound perception - afferents> brain

33
Q

outer hair cells in cochlea are responsible for ___

A

regulatory function - efferents from the brain

34
Q

inner:outer hair cells in cochlea

A

1:3

35
Q

in hair cells:

sterocilia are arranged in ___ with tip links connecting them. Depolarise when bend towards the ___

A

height order

longest

36
Q

tonotropic organisation of the cochlea =

= __ to ___ frequencies detection

A

basilar membrane thickness decreases from oval window to round window
high to low

37
Q

central pathways for hearing = __ (acronym) =

A 
E COLI
Eighth CN nucleus
Cochlear nuclei
superior Olivary complex
Lateral Lemniscus
Inferior colliculus > thalamus
38
Q

primary auditory cortex =

A

superior temporal gyrus Brodman areas 41/42

39
Q

otolith organs =

A

utricle and saccule

40
Q

5 vestibular end organs

A

maculae of utricle and saccule

ampullae of lateral, superior and posterior semicircular canals

41
Q

otolith organs: maculae have ___ projecting upwards into a ____ with ___

A

stereocilia
gelatinous matrix
otoconia (calcium carbonate crystals)

42
Q

purpose of otoconia

A

lend weight and therefore with gravity brain perceives movement on elevators (linear motion) /tilting

43
Q

firing in otolith organs stops/continues with linear motion and head tilt

A

stops with linear

continues with tilt

44
Q

in otoliths the stereocilia are orientated in ___ so ___ are perceived by hyper/depolarisation

A

all directions

all movements

45
Q

type 1+2 hair cells in the otolith organs resting potential changes depending on ___

A

bend to/from kinocilium

46
Q

organ of sensation that sit in SCC ampullae =

deflection is caused by ___

A

cupula

perilymph movement

47
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex =

A

stabilises eye

if turn head right then right side is stimulated and left inhibited => eyes move left

48
Q

if vestibulo-ocular reflex is damaged =>

A

nystagmus

fast flick away from damaged side

49
Q

in abnormal stimulation of posterior semicircular canal nystagmus =

A

pupil bounces up and down and twists

50
Q

tumour that causes slow progressive loss of balance

A

vestibular schwannoma

51
Q

central pathways for balance: vestibular nuclei communications with outputs to ++_

A 
vestibulospinal tract (motor to back leg and neck)
medial longitudinal fasciculus and occular muscles
medial lemniscus and thalamus to cerebrum

ENTJaz (6 decks)

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