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ENTJaz > ENT Anatomy > Flashcards

ENT Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

___ the features in the nose that filter air

A

vibrissae

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2
Q

the ___ of the ethmoid bone attaches to the dura

A

crista galli

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3
Q

the superior and middle conchae are part of the ___

A

ethmoid bone

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4
Q

the edges of the nose are called the

A

alae

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5
Q

lateral wall bones of the nasal cavity

A

inferior nasal conchae, ethmoid, palatine, maxilla

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6
Q

septum is made of ++_

A

ethmoid bone
septal cartilage
vomer bone

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7
Q

If basilar skull fractures disrupt the cribriform plate this can cause __

A

anosmia

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8
Q

if in a basilar skull # and can see ___ coming from nose = serious sign

A

CSF

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9
Q

nasal mucosa of the nasal vestibule =

A

stratified squamous (keratinised to non-keratinised)

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10
Q

superior conchae area mucosa =

A

olfactory epithelium

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11
Q

nasal cavity epithelium =

A

respiratory - ciliated pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells

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12
Q

olfactory epithelium is found __+___ in the nose

A

top back of septum and lateral wall

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13
Q

olfactory tract goes to the ___ in the brain

A

temporal lobe and olfactory areas

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14
Q

the superior part of the nasal septum and lateral wall gets it somatic sensory supply from: __ nerve from ___ nerve, a branch of ___ which passes through the ___

A

anterior ethmoidal
nasociliary
CNV1
ethmoidal foramen

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15
Q 
the inferior part of the nasal septum and lateral wall gets it somatic sensory supply from:
\_\_\_ nerve (branch of \_\_) which passes through the \_\_\_
A

nasopalatine
CN V2
sphenopalatine foramen

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16
Q

arteries that supply the nose

A

ant and post ethmoidal (from ophthalmic - ICA)
sphenopalatine and greater palatine (from maxillary - ECA)
lateral nasal and septal branch of superior labial (from facial - ECA)

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17
Q

the two large main arteries that send branches to the nose =

A

ECA and ICA

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18
Q

the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries are branches of the ___ artery from the ___

A

ophthalmic

ICA

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19
Q

the arteries in the nose anastamose at __
which is located __
important to remember in ___

A

Little’s/Kiesselbach’s area
anteroinferiorly on nasal septum
epistaxis

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20
Q

above the superior conchae in front of sphenoid sinus

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

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21
Q

underneath the superior conchae -

A

superior meatus

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22
Q

engorgement of the nasal mucosa ___ every 1-5hrs because ___

A

switches sides

of erectile tissue

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23
Q

4 bilateral paranasal sinuses

these are lined with __ epithelium

A

sphenoid
ethmoidal air cells
frontal
maxillary

thin respiratory

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24
Q

largest paranasal sinus =

A

maxillary

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25
sphenoid sinus drains into ___
sphenoethmoidal recess
26
posterior ethmoidal air cells drain into the ___
superior meatus
27
frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal air cells drain into the ___ at the ___
semilunar hiatus | anterior part of the middle meatus
28
the middle ethmoidal air cells drain to the ___ at the ___
ethmoidal bulla | middle meatus
29
nasolacrimal duct drains to the ___
inferior meatus
30
sinusitis sensation is perceived by __+__ and so may be referred to ___
V1 and V2 | teeth = toothache
31
sinuses drain to ___ which then drain into the nose
ostia
32
all parts of the ears lie in the ___
temporal bone
33
H shaped suture in the skull which joins _+_+_+_ =
``` Pterion frontal parietal sphenoid temporal ```
34
anatomical parts of the temporal bone (6)
``` squamous part petrous part mastoid process external acoustic meatus styloid process zygomatic process ```
35
in the petrous part of the temporal bone 2 openings on the floor =
sylomastoid foramen | extracranial opening into the carotid canal
36
internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone contains :
CN VII CN VIII labyrinthine artery (and vein) - branch of the ant inf cerebellar artery
37
CNVII functions
motor to face and stapedius taste to ant 2/3rds of tongue secretomotor to salivary and lacrimal glands general sensory to external ear
38
ear canal begins at ___ is 1/3 __ and 2/3 ___ lined with ___ ___ glands secrete earwax
EAM 1/3 cartilage ; 2/3 bony skin ceruminous
39
skin of superior helix and most of external ear sensation is supplied by ___
C2,3
40
superior EAM and most of tympanic membrane has its sensory supply from
CN V3
41
branch of CNV3 that supplies sensory to most of tympanic membrane
auriculotemporal nerve
42
sensory supply to inferior EAM and some of tympanic membrane =
CN X
43
some sensory supply to the opening of the EAM on the auricle =
CN VII
44
lateral of superior 1/2 of pinna lymphatic drainage =
to parotid lymph nodes > deep cervical
45
cranial part of superior 1/2 of pinna lymphatic drainage =
to mastoid (+deep cervical) nodes
46
inferior part of aruicle lymphatic drainage =
superficial cervical lymph nodes > deep cervical
47
kids have a __+__ EAM and so when examining pull auricle ___
short straight | posteroinferiorly
48
in adults the EAM is __ and so when examining pull the auricle ___
curved | posterosuperiorly
49
most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane =
umbo
50
superior part of tympanic membrane =
pars flaccida (thin part)
51
location of the ____ can change in otitis media when examining the tympanic membrane
cone of light
52
muscles of the middle ear =
stapedius and tensor tympani
53
3 middle ear bones =
malleus incus stapes
54
branches of which CNs are found in middle ear =
CN VII and IX
55
components of the middle ear
tympanic membrane, bones, muscles, CNVII and IX, eustachian tube and oval window
56
general sensory to middle ear cavity, internal tympanic membrane, eustachian tube, nasopharynx, tonsils and oropharynx
CN IX
57
what creates the umbo?
handle of malleus adhering to tympanic membrane
58
tensor tympani attaches to ___ and function = __ | supplied by ___
malleus | dampens sound when eat (CNV3 - same as muscles of mastication)
59
__ of stapes fits into oval window
footplate
60
type of joints in the middle ear
synovial
61
space in middle ear superior to tympanic membrane =
epitympanic recess
62
____ in epitympanic recess can mean otitis media => ___
aditus mastoid antrum | mastoiditis
63
eustachian tube connects __ to ___
anterior wall of middle ear cavity to nasopharynx
64
sensory supply of eustachian tube = __ and so __/___ can mimic earache
CN IX | tonsilitis/pharyngitis
65
facial nerve attaches to brain at _____ > IAM > ____ of petrous temporal bone > stylomastoid foramen
pontomedullary junction | facial canal
66
chorda tympani (CNVII) supplies
taste to ant 2/3rds tongue | parasymp to submandibular and sublingual glands (connect to lingual branch of V3)
67
facial expression muscles -
frontalis orbicularis oculi elevators of the lips orbicularis oris
68
stapedius function =
reduces stapes movement to protect internal ear from excessive noise
69
components of the inner ear
oval window cochlea semicircular canals until IAM
70
course of CNVIII: | ___>IAM>___+___ nerve axons
pontomedullary canal | cochlear and vestibular
71
otic capsule contains
bony labyrinth (perilymph filled) which suspends membranous labyrinth (communicating sacs and ducts containing endolymph fluid)
72
_+_+_ semicircular canals =
posterior lateral superior
73
perilymph and endo lymph relative K+ concns
``` perilymph = high in K+ endolymph = low in K+ ```
74
___ = clusters of hair cells that are stimulated by endolymph movement
maculae
75
semicircular ducts detect ___ movement change
angular
76
utricle and saccule detect ___ movement change
utricle = horizontal saccule = vertical = linear
77
test hearing with a ___ tuning fork
512Hz
78
sound transmission: tympanic membrane vibrates > ___ > __ window > P in ___ in waves > ___ in cochlea move and __ are stimulated > P waves become vibrations and dampened at the __ window
``` ossicles oval perilymph hair cells APs round ```
79
organ of corti is on the ___ membrane in the cochlea which is suspended by ___
basilar | spiral ligament
80
between lips and teeth
oral vestibule
81
oral cavity = between __+__
teeth and palatine tonsils
82
submandibular gland opening on the floor of the mouth =
sublingual caruncle
83
floor of mouth muscular diaphragm is made of __+__ (innervation too_
mylohyoid (CN V3) | geniohyoid (C1 via hypoglossal nerve)
84
duct of parotid gland enters mouth
oppostie second upper molar
85
sublingual drains to mouth through ___
several ducts at sublingual folds
86
CNIX synapses at ___ and hitches a ride with ___ branch of ___ to give parasymp secretomotor to parotid gland
otic ganglion auriculotemporal CNV3
87
taste and general sensory to post 1/3 of tongue =
CNIX
88
general sensory to ant 2/3rds of tongue
CNV3
89
thyroid originates in ___ and descends through ___
pharynx | foramen caecum of the tongue
90
path of CN XII: ___>occipital bone ____ (ant. wall of foramen magnum) > decends lateral to ___ > at hyoid passes ant to ___ > tongue
medulla oblongata hyoglossal canal carotid sheath lateral tongue
91
test of CN XII function =
stick out tongue | if one nerve is injured the tongue points towards that side
92
4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue =
genioglossus styloglossus hyoglossus palatoglossus
93
lingual artery pass __ to hyoglossus, nerves pass ___
``` art = medial nerves = lateral ```
94
bones that make up the hard palate anterior to posterior
palatine process of maxillas palatine bones lateral and medial pterygoid plates of the sphenoid
95
hole at the front of the hard palate just behind incisors
incisive foramen
96
suture that runs down the centre of the hard palate
median palatine suture
97
greater and lesser palatine foramen contents =
CN V2 branches | maxillary artery branches
98
the ____ on the sphenoid lies behind the palatine
pterygoid hamulus
99
soft palate muscles =
``` palatopharyngeus palatoglossus musculus uvulae levator veli palatini tensor veli palatini ```
100
soft palate muscles supplied by CNX
palatopharyngeus palatoglossus musculus uvulae levator veli palatini
101
soft palate muscles supplied by CNV3
tensor veli palatini
102
function of the palatopharyngeus =
lift pharynx and thyroid cartilage
103
function of palatoglossus =
bring tongue and soft palate together
104
function of musculus uvulae =
shorten uvula
105
function of the levator veli palatini =
lift palatine aponeurosis
106
function of the tensor veli palatini
tenses palatine aponeurosis
107
testing CNX supply to soft palate muscles =
say Ahhh | uvula will be pulled away from injured side
108
attachments of the superior constrictor of the pharynx=
pterygoid hamulus pterygomandibular raphe mylohyoid line
109
middle constrictor of pharynx attachment =
greater horn of hyoid
110
attachments of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx =
oblique line of thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
111
gateway to mouth contains =
CNIX, lingual artery, stylopharyngeus
112
all muscles of the pharynx are innervated by CN__ except ___ which is CN__
X | stylopharyngeus CNIX
113
midline raphe of pharynx attaches superiorly to __
pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone
114
above the circular muscles of the pharynx lies the __+__
pharyngo-basilar fascia | foramen magnum
115
external muscle layer of the pharynx =
circular constrictor muscles
116
inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx =
stylopharyngeus palatopharyngeus salpingopharyngeus
117
attaches to the cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube =
salpingopharyngeus
118
all of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert onto the ___
posterior border of thyroid cartilage
119
function of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx =
elevate pharynx and larynx
120
just above the opening of the eustacian tube in the nasopharynx lies the
torus tubarius
121
Weldeyer's ring consists of:
pharyngeal/adenoid lingual tubal palatine tonsils
122
tip of the tongue lymph first drains to
submental nodes
123
nodes found in retropharyngeal space anterior to ear =
retropharyngeal
124
jugulodigastric node is located | structure that drains to it
on the IJV | drains the palatine tonsil
125
deep cervical node is located ___
in the carotid sheath
126
parotid nodes aka
preauricular nodes
127
mastoid nodes aka
post-auricular nodes
128
larynx is enclosed in ___ along with ___
``` pretracheal fascia strap muscles thyroid trachea oesophagus pharynx recurrent laryngeal nerves ```
129
larynx lies in ___ of pretracheal fascia
visceral layer
130
strap muscles =
omohyoid sternohyoid thyrohyoid
131
larynx lies at ___ (vertebral levels), anterior to ___ and between ___
C4-6 laryngopharynx carotid sheaths
132
palpable neck structures =
``` external occipital prominence mastoid process transverse processes of C vertebrae spinous process of T1 hyoid thyroid cricoid trachea clavicle manubrium ```
133
laryngeal prominence of thyroid cartilage -
Adam's apple
134
inferior horn of thyroid cartilage meets cricoid cartilage at
cricothyroid joint
135
between thyroid and hyoid =
thyrohyoid membrane
136
two processes of arytenoid cartilage = | joint with cricoid =
vocal and muscular | cricoarytenoid
137
laryngeal cartilages =
``` epiglottis (elastic cartilage) thyroid cricoid 1st tracheal ring 2x arytenoids ```
138
1 method for ventilation = press on cricoid >
lamina of cricoid compresses oesophagus against C6 vertebrae and so closes it
139
true vocal cords = __to ___
vocal process of arytenoid cartilage | thyroid cartilage
140
false vocal cords = __to__
arytenoid cartilage | epiglottis
141
quadrangular membrane = __to___
vestibular ligament | epiglottis
142
conus elasticus - __to__
cricoid | vocal ligament
143
space between true to false vocal cords =
laryngeal ventricle
144
laryngoscope is placed into ___ - space between __+__ | straight blade for __+__
vallecula epiglottis and tongue neonates and obese
145
extension of laryngeal ventricle that contains lots of sebaceous glands
inner saccule
146
aryepiglottic fold =
superior border of the quadrangular membrane
147
space below the true vocal cords =
infraglottic cavity
148
space above the false vocal cords
laryngeal vestibule
149
intrinsic muscles of the larynx are __ and supplied by __
skeletal | CNX
150
tensors of the larynx = function = __ by tensing the ___ by ___ attach __to ___
cricothyroid muscles increase pitch vocal lig by nodding the thyroid cartilage anterolateral cricoid to inferior horn thyroid cartilage
151
relaxors of the larynx = function = ___ by ___ attach ___ to ___
thyroarytenoid muscles decrease pitch relax vocal lig posterior thyroid to anterior arytenoid cartilage
152
adductors of the larynx = attachments = function =
quieten voice lateral crico-arytenoid muscles (muscular process of arytenoid to ant cricoid) arytenoid muscles - transverse and oblique (one arytenoid to another cricoid)
153
abductors of the larynx = function = attachment=
posterior crico-arytenoid muscles loudens voice posterior cricoid to muscular proces of arytenoid cartilage
154
laryngeal muscles in normal respiration =
relaxed
155
laryngeal muscles in forced expiration =
posterior cricoarytenoid muscles contract
156
phonation - laryngeal muscles =
arytenoids contract and assist lateral cricoarytenoids
157
whisper laryngeal muscles =
lateral crico-arytenoids contract
158
``` oral sounds: ___ tenses (innervation) and elevates (innervation) to ___ sound interrupted by ___(innervation) and ___(innervation) ```
``` soft palate tenses = CNV3 elevates (CNX) close off nasopharynx tongue CNXII teeth and lips CNVII ```
159
``` nasal sounds: ___ tenses (innervation) and descends (innervation) to ___ ```
soft palate tense = CNV3 descends CNX close of oropharynx
160
sensory nerve supply to mucosa above vocal cords =
internal laryngeal nerve from superior laryngeal
161
motor supply only to cricothyroid muscle =
external laryngeal nerve from superior laryngeal
162
larynx intrinsic muscles are supplied by this nerve expect the __
inferior laryngeal nerve | cricothyroid (external laryngeal)
163
left recurrent laryngeal becomes inferior laryngeal nerve at level of ___ = sensory to ___
cricothyroid joint | mucosa inferior to vocal cords
164
testing CNX to larynx and pharynx =
voice - hoarse? cough? sip water ok?

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