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ENTJaz > ENT Anatomy > Flashcards

ENT Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

___ the features in the nose that filter air

A

vibrissae

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2
Q

the ___ of the ethmoid bone attaches to the dura

A

crista galli

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3
Q

the superior and middle conchae are part of the ___

A

ethmoid bone

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4
Q

the edges of the nose are called the

A

alae

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5
Q

lateral wall bones of the nasal cavity

A

inferior nasal conchae, ethmoid, palatine, maxilla

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6
Q

septum is made of ++_

A

ethmoid bone
septal cartilage
vomer bone

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7
Q

If basilar skull fractures disrupt the cribriform plate this can cause __

A

anosmia

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8
Q

if in a basilar skull # and can see ___ coming from nose = serious sign

A

CSF

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9
Q

nasal mucosa of the nasal vestibule =

A

stratified squamous (keratinised to non-keratinised)

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10
Q

superior conchae area mucosa =

A

olfactory epithelium

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11
Q

nasal cavity epithelium =

A

respiratory - ciliated pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells

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12
Q

olfactory epithelium is found __+___ in the nose

A

top back of septum and lateral wall

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13
Q

olfactory tract goes to the ___ in the brain

A

temporal lobe and olfactory areas

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14
Q

the superior part of the nasal septum and lateral wall gets it somatic sensory supply from: __ nerve from ___ nerve, a branch of ___ which passes through the ___

A

anterior ethmoidal
nasociliary
CNV1
ethmoidal foramen

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15
Q 
the inferior part of the nasal septum and lateral wall gets it somatic sensory supply from:
\_\_\_ nerve (branch of \_\_) which passes through the \_\_\_
A

nasopalatine
CN V2
sphenopalatine foramen

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16
Q

arteries that supply the nose

A

ant and post ethmoidal (from ophthalmic - ICA)
sphenopalatine and greater palatine (from maxillary - ECA)
lateral nasal and septal branch of superior labial (from facial - ECA)

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17
Q

the two large main arteries that send branches to the nose =

A

ECA and ICA

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18
Q

the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries are branches of the ___ artery from the ___

A

ophthalmic

ICA

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19
Q

the arteries in the nose anastamose at __
which is located __
important to remember in ___

A

Little’s/Kiesselbach’s area
anteroinferiorly on nasal septum
epistaxis

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20
Q

above the superior conchae in front of sphenoid sinus

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

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21
Q

underneath the superior conchae -

A

superior meatus

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22
Q

engorgement of the nasal mucosa ___ every 1-5hrs because ___

A

switches sides

of erectile tissue

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23
Q

4 bilateral paranasal sinuses

these are lined with __ epithelium

A

sphenoid
ethmoidal air cells
frontal
maxillary

thin respiratory

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24
Q

largest paranasal sinus =

A

maxillary

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25
Q

sphenoid sinus drains into ___

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

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26
Q

posterior ethmoidal air cells drain into the ___

A

superior meatus

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27
Q

frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal air cells drain into the ___ at the ___

A

semilunar hiatus

anterior part of the middle meatus

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28
Q

the middle ethmoidal air cells drain to the ___ at the ___

A

ethmoidal bulla

middle meatus

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29
Q

nasolacrimal duct drains to the ___

A

inferior meatus

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30
Q

sinusitis sensation is perceived by __+__ and so may be referred to ___

A

V1 and V2

teeth = toothache

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31
Q

sinuses drain to ___ which then drain into the nose

A

ostia

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32
Q

all parts of the ears lie in the ___

A

temporal bone

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33
Q

H shaped suture in the skull which joins +++ =

A 
Pterion
frontal
parietal
sphenoid
temporal
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34
Q

anatomical parts of the temporal bone (6)

A 
squamous part
petrous part
mastoid process
external acoustic meatus
styloid process
zygomatic process
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35
Q

in the petrous part of the temporal bone 2 openings on the floor =

A

sylomastoid foramen

extracranial opening into the carotid canal

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36
Q

internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone contains :

A

CN VII
CN VIII
labyrinthine artery (and vein) - branch of the ant inf cerebellar artery

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37
Q

CNVII functions

A

motor to face and stapedius
taste to ant 2/3rds of tongue
secretomotor to salivary and lacrimal glands
general sensory to external ear

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38
Q

ear canal begins at ___
is 1/3 __ and 2/3 ___
lined with ___
___ glands secrete earwax

A

EAM
1/3 cartilage ; 2/3 bony
skin
ceruminous

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39
Q

skin of superior helix and most of external ear sensation is supplied by ___

A

C2,3

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40
Q

superior EAM and most of tympanic membrane has its sensory supply from

A

CN V3

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41
Q

branch of CNV3 that supplies sensory to most of tympanic membrane

A

auriculotemporal nerve

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42
Q

sensory supply to inferior EAM and some of tympanic membrane =

A

CN X

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43
Q

some sensory supply to the opening of the EAM on the auricle =

A

CN VII

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44
Q

lateral of superior 1/2 of pinna lymphatic drainage =

A

to parotid lymph nodes > deep cervical

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45
Q

cranial part of superior 1/2 of pinna lymphatic drainage =

A

to mastoid (+deep cervical) nodes

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46
Q

inferior part of aruicle lymphatic drainage =

A

superficial cervical lymph nodes > deep cervical

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47
Q

kids have a __+__ EAM and so when examining pull auricle ___

A

short straight

posteroinferiorly

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48
Q

in adults the EAM is __ and so when examining pull the auricle ___

A

curved

posterosuperiorly

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49
Q

most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane =

A

umbo

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50
Q

superior part of tympanic membrane =

A

pars flaccida (thin part)

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51
Q

location of the ____ can change in otitis media when examining the tympanic membrane

A

cone of light

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52
Q

muscles of the middle ear =

A

stapedius and tensor tympani

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53
Q

3 middle ear bones =

A

malleus incus stapes

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54
Q

branches of which CNs are found in middle ear =

A

CN VII and IX

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55
Q

components of the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane, bones, muscles, CNVII and IX, eustachian tube and oval window

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56
Q

general sensory to middle ear cavity, internal tympanic membrane, eustachian tube, nasopharynx, tonsils and oropharynx

A

CN IX

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57
Q

what creates the umbo?

A

handle of malleus adhering to tympanic membrane

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58
Q

tensor tympani attaches to ___ and function = __

supplied by ___

A

malleus

dampens sound when eat (CNV3 - same as muscles of mastication)

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59
Q

__ of stapes fits into oval window

A

footplate

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60
Q

type of joints in the middle ear

A

synovial

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61
Q

space in middle ear superior to tympanic membrane =

A

epitympanic recess

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62
Q

____ in epitympanic recess can mean otitis media => ___

A

aditus mastoid antrum

mastoiditis

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63
Q

eustachian tube connects __ to ___

A

anterior wall of middle ear cavity to nasopharynx

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64
Q

sensory supply of eustachian tube = __ and so __/___ can mimic earache

A

CN IX

tonsilitis/pharyngitis

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65
Q

facial nerve attaches to brain at _____ > IAM > ____ of petrous temporal bone > stylomastoid foramen

A

pontomedullary junction

facial canal

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66
Q

chorda tympani (CNVII) supplies

A

taste to ant 2/3rds tongue

parasymp to submandibular and sublingual glands (connect to lingual branch of V3)

67
Q

facial expression muscles -

A

frontalis
orbicularis oculi
elevators of the lips
orbicularis oris

68
Q

stapedius function =

A

reduces stapes movement to protect internal ear from excessive noise

69
Q

components of the inner ear

A

oval window
cochlea
semicircular canals until IAM

70
Q

course of CNVIII:

___>IAM>___+___ nerve axons

A

pontomedullary canal

cochlear and vestibular

71
Q

otic capsule contains

A

bony labyrinth (perilymph filled) which suspends membranous labyrinth (communicating sacs and ducts containing endolymph fluid)

72
Q

++_ semicircular canals =

A

posterior
lateral
superior

73
Q

perilymph and endo lymph relative K+ concns

A 
perilymph = high in K+
endolymph = low in K+
74
Q

___ = clusters of hair cells that are stimulated by endolymph movement

A

maculae

75
Q

semicircular ducts detect ___ movement change

A

angular

76
Q

utricle and saccule detect ___ movement change

A

utricle = horizontal
saccule = vertical
= linear

77
Q

test hearing with a ___ tuning fork

A

512Hz

78
Q

sound transmission:
tympanic membrane vibrates > ___ > __ window > P in ___ in waves > ___ in cochlea move and __ are stimulated > P waves become vibrations and dampened at the __ window

A 
ossicles
oval
perilymph
hair cells
APs
round
79
Q

organ of corti is on the ___ membrane in the cochlea which is suspended by ___

A

basilar

spiral ligament

80
Q

between lips and teeth

A

oral vestibule

81
Q

oral cavity = between __+__

A

teeth and palatine tonsils

82
Q

submandibular gland opening on the floor of the mouth =

A

sublingual caruncle

83
Q

floor of mouth muscular diaphragm is made of __+__ (innervation too_

A

mylohyoid (CN V3)

geniohyoid (C1 via hypoglossal nerve)

84
Q

duct of parotid gland enters mouth

A

oppostie second upper molar

85
Q

sublingual drains to mouth through ___

A

several ducts at sublingual folds

86
Q

CNIX synapses at ___ and hitches a ride with ___ branch of ___ to give parasymp secretomotor to parotid gland

A

otic ganglion
auriculotemporal
CNV3

87
Q

taste and general sensory to post 1/3 of tongue =

A

CNIX

88
Q

general sensory to ant 2/3rds of tongue

A

CNV3

89
Q

thyroid originates in ___ and descends through ___

A

pharynx

foramen caecum of the tongue

90
Q

path of CN XII: ___>occipital bone ____ (ant. wall of foramen magnum) > decends lateral to ___ > at hyoid passes ant to ___ > tongue

A

medulla oblongata
hyoglossal canal
carotid sheath
lateral tongue

91
Q

test of CN XII function =

A

stick out tongue

if one nerve is injured the tongue points towards that side

92
Q

4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue =

A

genioglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
palatoglossus

93
Q

lingual artery pass __ to hyoglossus, nerves pass ___

A 
art = medial
nerves = lateral
94
Q

bones that make up the hard palate anterior to posterior

A

palatine process of maxillas
palatine bones
lateral and medial pterygoid plates of the sphenoid

95
Q

hole at the front of the hard palate just behind incisors

A

incisive foramen

96
Q

suture that runs down the centre of the hard palate

A

median palatine suture

97
Q

greater and lesser palatine foramen contents =

A

CN V2 branches

maxillary artery branches

98
Q

the ____ on the sphenoid lies behind the palatine

A

pterygoid hamulus

99
Q

soft palate muscles =

A 
palatopharyngeus
palatoglossus
musculus uvulae
levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
100
Q

soft palate muscles supplied by CNX

A

palatopharyngeus
palatoglossus
musculus uvulae
levator veli palatini

101
Q

soft palate muscles supplied by CNV3

A

tensor veli palatini

102
Q

function of the palatopharyngeus =

A

lift pharynx and thyroid cartilage

103
Q

function of palatoglossus =

A

bring tongue and soft palate together

104
Q

function of musculus uvulae =

A

shorten uvula

105
Q

function of the levator veli palatini =

A

lift palatine aponeurosis

106
Q

function of the tensor veli palatini

A

tenses palatine aponeurosis

107
Q

testing CNX supply to soft palate muscles =

A

say Ahhh

uvula will be pulled away from injured side

108
Q

attachments of the superior constrictor of the pharynx=

A

pterygoid hamulus
pterygomandibular raphe
mylohyoid line

109
Q

middle constrictor of pharynx attachment =

A

greater horn of hyoid

110
Q

attachments of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx =

A

oblique line of thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

111
Q

gateway to mouth contains =

A

CNIX, lingual artery, stylopharyngeus

112
Q

all muscles of the pharynx are innervated by CN__ except ___ which is CN__

A

X

stylopharyngeus CNIX

113
Q

midline raphe of pharynx attaches superiorly to __

A

pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone

114
Q

above the circular muscles of the pharynx lies the __+__

A

pharyngo-basilar fascia

foramen magnum

115
Q

external muscle layer of the pharynx =

A

circular constrictor muscles

116
Q

inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx =

A

stylopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus

117
Q

attaches to the cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube =

A

salpingopharyngeus

118
Q

all of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert onto the ___

A

posterior border of thyroid cartilage

119
Q

function of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx =

A

elevate pharynx and larynx

120
Q

just above the opening of the eustacian tube in the nasopharynx lies the

A

torus tubarius

121
Q

Weldeyer’s ring consists of:

A

pharyngeal/adenoid
lingual
tubal
palatine tonsils

122
Q

tip of the tongue lymph first drains to

A

submental nodes

123
Q

nodes found in retropharyngeal space anterior to ear =

A

retropharyngeal

124
Q

jugulodigastric node is located

structure that drains to it

A

on the IJV

drains the palatine tonsil

125
Q

deep cervical node is located ___

A

in the carotid sheath

126
Q

parotid nodes aka

A

preauricular nodes

127
Q

mastoid nodes aka

A

post-auricular nodes

128
Q

larynx is enclosed in ___ along with ___

A 
pretracheal fascia
strap muscles
thyroid
trachea
oesophagus
pharynx
recurrent laryngeal nerves
129
Q

larynx lies in ___ of pretracheal fascia

A

visceral layer

130
Q

strap muscles =

A

omohyoid
sternohyoid
thyrohyoid

131
Q

larynx lies at ___ (vertebral levels), anterior to ___ and between ___

A

C4-6
laryngopharynx
carotid sheaths

132
Q

palpable neck structures =

A 
external occipital prominence
mastoid process
transverse processes of C vertebrae
spinous process of T1
hyoid
thyroid
cricoid
trachea
clavicle
manubrium
133
Q

laryngeal prominence of thyroid cartilage -

A

Adam’s apple

134
Q

inferior horn of thyroid cartilage meets cricoid cartilage at

A

cricothyroid joint

135
Q

between thyroid and hyoid =

A

thyrohyoid membrane

136
Q

two processes of arytenoid cartilage =

joint with cricoid =

A

vocal and muscular

cricoarytenoid

137
Q

laryngeal cartilages =

A 
epiglottis (elastic cartilage)
thyroid
cricoid
1st tracheal ring
2x arytenoids
138
Q

1 method for ventilation = press on cricoid >

A

lamina of cricoid compresses oesophagus against C6 vertebrae and so closes it

139
Q

true vocal cords = __to ___

A

vocal process of arytenoid cartilage

thyroid cartilage

140
Q

false vocal cords = __to__

A

arytenoid cartilage

epiglottis

141
Q

quadrangular membrane = __to___

A

vestibular ligament

epiglottis

142
Q

conus elasticus - __to__

A

cricoid

vocal ligament

143
Q

space between true to false vocal cords =

A

laryngeal ventricle

144
Q

laryngoscope is placed into ___ - space between __+__

straight blade for __+__

A

vallecula
epiglottis and tongue
neonates and obese

145
Q

extension of laryngeal ventricle that contains lots of sebaceous glands

A

inner saccule

146
Q

aryepiglottic fold =

A

superior border of the quadrangular membrane

147
Q

space below the true vocal cords =

A

infraglottic cavity

148
Q

space above the false vocal cords

A

laryngeal vestibule

149
Q

intrinsic muscles of the larynx are __ and supplied by __

A

skeletal

CNX

150
Q

tensors of the larynx =
function = __ by tensing the ___ by ___
attach __to ___

A

cricothyroid muscles
increase pitch
vocal lig by nodding the thyroid cartilage
anterolateral cricoid to inferior horn thyroid cartilage

151
Q

relaxors of the larynx =
function = ___ by ___
attach ___ to ___

A

thyroarytenoid muscles
decrease pitch
relax vocal lig
posterior thyroid to anterior arytenoid cartilage

152
Q

adductors of the larynx =
attachments =
function =

A

quieten voice
lateral crico-arytenoid muscles (muscular process of arytenoid to ant cricoid)
arytenoid muscles - transverse and oblique (one arytenoid to another cricoid)

153
Q

abductors of the larynx =
function =
attachment=

A

posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
loudens voice
posterior cricoid to muscular proces of arytenoid cartilage

154
Q

laryngeal muscles in normal respiration =

A

relaxed

155
Q

laryngeal muscles in forced expiration =

A

posterior cricoarytenoid muscles contract

156
Q

phonation - laryngeal muscles =

A

arytenoids contract and assist lateral cricoarytenoids

157
Q

whisper laryngeal muscles =

A

lateral crico-arytenoids contract

158
Q 
oral sounds:
\_\_\_ tenses (innervation) and elevates (innervation) to \_\_\_
sound interrupted by \_\_\_(innervation) and \_\_\_(innervation)
A 
soft palate 
tenses = CNV3
elevates (CNX)
close off nasopharynx
tongue CNXII
teeth and lips CNVII
159
Q 
nasal sounds:
\_\_\_ tenses (innervation) and descends (innervation) to \_\_\_
A

soft palate
tense = CNV3
descends CNX
close of oropharynx

160
Q

sensory nerve supply to mucosa above vocal cords =

A

internal laryngeal nerve from superior laryngeal

161
Q

motor supply only to cricothyroid muscle =

A

external laryngeal nerve from superior laryngeal

162
Q

larynx intrinsic muscles are supplied by this nerve expect the __

A

inferior laryngeal nerve

cricothyroid (external laryngeal)

163
Q

left recurrent laryngeal becomes inferior laryngeal nerve at level of ___
= sensory to ___

A

cricothyroid joint

mucosa inferior to vocal cords

164
Q

testing CNX to larynx and pharynx =

A

voice - hoarse?
cough?
sip water ok?

ENTJaz (6 decks)

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