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Year 4 > ENT/Opthalmology Pharmacology > Flashcards

ENT/Opthalmology Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Ix for topical BB

A

Glaucoma

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2
Q

Mechanism of topical BB

A
  • timolol and betaxolol
  • ↓ Aqueous humour production via β-receptor blockade in the ciliary epithelium
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3
Q

SE of Timolol/ betoxolol

A

Bradycardia, bronchospasm, dry eyes, fatigue

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4
Q

CI of timolol/ betaxolol

A

asthma, COPD, heart block

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5
Q

Brimonidine mechanism

A
  • topical sympathomimetic
  • α2-agonist → ↓ aqueous humour production & ↑ uveoscleral outflow
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6
Q

Ix of brimonidine

A

glaucoma

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7
Q

SE of brimonidine

A
  • Dry mouth, fatigue, local irritation
  • hyperaemia
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8
Q

Brimonidine Caution

A

avoid in severe CVD

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9
Q

What are the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Brinzolamide, Dorzolamide, acetazolamide

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10
Q

Ix for carbonic anhydrase inhib

A

glaucoma

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11
Q

MAO of acetaxolamide, brinzolamide and dorzolamide

A

Inhibits carbonic anhydrase in ciliary body → ↓ aqueous humour

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12
Q

SE of CAI

A

Taste disturbances, paraesthesia, sulfa-allergy reaction (rare)

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13
Q

CI of acetazolamide

A

Sulfonamide allergy, renal/hepatic impairment

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14
Q

Latanoprost & Travoprost drug category

A

Prostaglandin analogues used to treat glaucoma

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15
Q

MAO of lanatroprost and travopsorst

A

prost analogue, ↑ Uveoscleral outflow

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16
Q

Lanatoprost/ Travoprost SE

A

Iris pigmentation (brown), eyelash growth, stinging

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17
Q

When should lanatroprost and Travoprost be avoided

A

Avoid in uveitis or macular oedema

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18
Q

Pilocarpine Ix

A

Miotic used in glaucoma

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19
Q

MAO of pilocarpine

A

: Muscarinic agonist → ciliary muscle contraction → ↑ outflow via trabecular meshwork

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20
Q

SE of pilocarpine

A

Blurred vision, brow ache, night vision difficulty

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21
Q

AM used in opthalmology examples

A

Atropine, Cyclopentolate, Homatropine, Tropicamide

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22
Q

indications of Atropine, Cyclopentolate, Homatropine, Tropicamide

A

Myadriasis for fundoscopy

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23
Q

MAO of Atropine, Cyclopentolate, Homatropine, Tropicamide

A

Muscarinic antagonists → pupillary dilation & ciliary muscle relaxation

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24
Q

SE of Atropine, cyclopentolate, homatropine, tropicamide

A

Photophobia, blurred vision, systemic anticholinergic effects (rare)

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25
Caution of Atropine, Cyclopentolate, Homatropine, Tropicamide
Narrow angle glaucoma
26
Phenylephrine Ix
- pupil dilatation used in cataract surgery - α1 agonist → mydriasis
27
SE of phenylepheine
Hypertension (if systemic absorption), stinging
28
Indication of topical antiviral agents
aciclovir - used in herpes simplex keratitis
29
Mx of aciclovir
Inhibits DNA polymerase
30
SE ofaciclovir
Local stinging, irritation
31
Use of topical steroids
- e.g. dexameth and pred - uveitis, scleritis
32
SE of topical ocular steroids
: ↑ IOP (glaucoma), cataracts, secondary infection
33
caution of using topical ocular steroids
avoid in HSK w/o opthalology input
34
Antazoline mechanism
H1 receptor antagonist used in allergic conjunctivitis
35
Mx of levocabastine
h1 antagonist, used in allergic conjunctivitis
36
Ix of topical ocular anaesthetics
- Oxybuprocaine, Lidocaine, Tetracaine - anaesthesia for tonometry and minor procedures
37
mechanism of oxybuprocaine, lidocaine, tetracaine
Sodium channel blockade → inhibits nerve conduction
38
SE of oxybuprocaine, lidocaine, tetracaine
stinging, corneal damage w repeated use
39
caution of oxybuprocaine, lidocaine and tetracaine
Diagnostic use only — never prescribe for home use
40
Gentamicin mechanism
Aminoglycoside antibiotic → inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding 30S ribosomal subunit.
41
Ab used in eye infections
gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciproflox, fusidic acid, neomyin
42
SE of gentamicin
- lcontact dermatitis - Systemic ototoxicity/nephrotoxicity if absorbed (especially on large or broken skin areas)
43
interactions of topical gentamicin
Minimal topically, but systemic use interacts with other ototoxic/nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., furosemide, vancomycin)`
44
Chloramphenicol MAO
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding 50S ribosomal subunit.
45
iX of chloramphenicol
bac conjunctivitis
46
SE of chloramphenicol eye drops
- rare: bone marrow suppression - risk with prolonged use or absorption
47
MAO of ciproflox
Fluoroquinolone → inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
48
ix of ciproflox drops
Otitis externa (ear drops), eye infections.
49
Interactions of ciprofloz
Minimal topically; systemic use interacts with theophylline, NSAIDs (seizure risk)
50
fusidic acid MAO
nhibits bacterial protein synthesis by interfering with elongation factor G.
51
Ix for fusidic acid
Skin infections (esp. staphylococcal), impetigo, infected dermatitis.
52
neomycin mechanism
Aminoglycoside → inhibits 30S ribosomal subunit → blocks protein synthesis.
53
SE of neomycin
High risk of contact dermatitis with prolonged use Potential for ototoxicity (especially if eardrum is perforated)
54
Int of neomycin
Similar to gentamicin — caution with systemic ototoxic/nephrotoxic agents.
55
Use of artificial tears
- E.g. hypromellose - MAO - lubricates and moistens the eye surface mimicking natural tears
56
Ix of hypromellose eye drops
Sjögren’s syndrome, dry eye syndrome.
57
SE of hypromellose
temp blurred vision, eye irritation
58
AH used in allergic rhinitis
- certizine: oral - Loratadine - oral - azelastine - topical
59
MAO of AH
H1 receptor antagonists; reduce histamine-mediated allergic symptoms.
60
Se of certizine, loradtadine and azelastine
drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness
61
interactions of AH
Enhanced sedation with alcohol or other CNS depressants.
62
What are rhe nasal steroids
Belometasone and fluticasone - used in allergic rhinitis
63
SE of nasal steroids (beclometasone and fluticasone)
Nasal irritation, epistaxis, headache.
64
Nasal cromoglicate MAO
Mast cell stabiliser; prevents histamine release -> USED IN ALLERGIC RHINITIS
65
SE of nasal cromoglicate
Sneezing, nasal irritation
66
AH used in vertigo & meniers disease
- promethazine and cinnarizine - H1 receptor antagonists - used for motion sickess
67
Prochlorperazine MAO
Dopamine antagonist used in MN, is an entiemetic
68
Indications of Promethazine, Cinnarizine, Prochlorperazine
Vertigo and MN
69
SE of promethazine and cinnarizine
drowsy, dry mouth
70
prochlorperazine SE
EPS
71
Bendroflumethazide
- Inhibits Na+/Cl− symporter in DCT → promotes diuresis. - used in MN
72
SE of bendroflumethazide
Hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hyperuricaemia.
73
who should timolol and betaxolol be avoided in
asthmatics and patients with heart block
74
brinmonide -avoid if taking?
Avoid if taking MAOI or tricyclic antidepressants
75
SE of pilocarpine
constricted pupil, headache and blurred vision
76
Sympathomimetics (brimonidine ) MAO
act by reducing aqueous secretion and increasing aqueous outflow.
77
pilocarpine works by
opening the aqueous drainage channels in the trabecular meshwork.
78

Year 4 (22 decks)

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