ENT cancers Flashcards
What are risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer?
South east asian
Chinese
Salty diet
EBV
What are clinical features of nasal cancer?
Epistaxis
Nasal/hoarse voice
Unilateral nasal obstruction
Lymphadenopathy
Persistent lump in neck > 3 weeks
Unilateral hearing loss or tinnitus
How is nasal cancer diagnosed?
MRI
NasoendoscopyW
What is the management of nasal cancer?
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
Often in combination
What are clinical features of laryngeal cancer?
Hoarseness or altered voice
Stridor
Odynophagia, dysphagia
Haemoptysis
Unexplained neck lump
How is laryngeal cancer diagnosed?
MRI
Nasoendoscopy
Laryngoscopy
What is the management of laryngeal cancer?
Transorla resection if early
Consider radiotherapy or combination chemo and radiotherapy
What are clinical features of acoustic neuroma?
Progressive unilateral hearing loss
Unilateral tinnitus
Vertigo
Normally unilateral- can get bilateral in neurofibromatosis T2
What are investigations for acoustic neuroma?
Gold Standard- MRI of internal auditory meatus
What is the management of acoustic neuroma?
Conservative with observation or MRI monitoring as slow growing
Radiosurgery or surgical excision can be done
What is the 2WW referral criteria for ear cancer?
Bloody otorrhoea- external ear cancer
What is the 2WW referral criteria for laryngeal cancer?
Age >45 with either
- persistent unexplained hoarseness
- unexplained neck lump
What is the 2WW referral criteria for nasopharyngeal cancer?
Persistent bleeding/crusting with unilateral nasal obstruction
Unilateral middle ear effusion and hearing loss with no associated infection
What is the 2WW referral criteria for oral cancer?
Unexplained ulceration/lesion >3 weeks
Unexplained neck lump
Lump in lip/oral cavity
Erythroleukoplakia
What are other red flags that require 2WW referral?
Unexplained persistent sore throat >4 weeks
Unilateral polyp- malignant until proven otherwise
Unexplained persistant unilateral earache >4 weeks with normal otoscopy
