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2nd year Anatomy > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cartilage is the nasal cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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2
Q

Which structures form the roof, lateral walls and septum of the nasal cavities?

A

Roof - cribriform plate and crista galli

Lateral wall -Conchae, ethmoidal air cells, orbital plate of the ethmoid

Septum - periperpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer

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3
Q

What are the three types of mucosa in the nasal cavity?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Respiratory epithelium

Olfactory mucosa

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4
Q

Which nerve supplies the lateral wall and septum of the nasal cavity?

A

Ophthalmic CN V1 anterosuperiorly

Maxillary CN V2 posteroinferiorly

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5
Q

Describe the blood supply to the nasal cavities

A

Facial artery

  • Nasal branch
  • Septal branch of the superior labiel artery

Maxillary artery

  • Sphenopalatine
  • Greater palatine

Ophthalmic artery
- Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

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6
Q

What is the name of the arterial anastomosis on the nasal septum?

A

Kiesselbach’s area

Common site of epistaxis

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7
Q

Which arteries anastomose at Kisselbach’s area?

A

A&P ethmoidal arteries

Sphenopalatine artery

Greater palatine artery

Septal artery

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8
Q

On inserting a nasogastric tube, where should the tip of the tube be seen on x-ray to confirm correct placement?

A

Below the diaphragm at 10cm beyond the gastro-oesophageal junction

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9
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavities?

A

Transport of air to the nasopharynx

Filter and humidify air

Warms air

Sense of smell (as air passes over the olfactory epithelium)

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10
Q

What are sinuses?

A

Air-filled spaces within bones

These are extensions of the nasal cavities!

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11
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain to?

A

Sphenoethmoidal reces

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12
Q

Where does fluid in the ethmoidal cells drain to?

A

Superior and middle meatus

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13
Q

Where does the frontal sinus drain to?

A

Middle meatus

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14
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain to?

A

Middle meatus

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15
Q

Where does lacrimal fluid drain to?

A

Inferior meatus

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16
Q

Pain sensation from sinusitis is transmitted via which nerves?

A

CN V1 and CNV2

- May be referred to the teeth

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17
Q

Which sinus is the most likely to be inflamed and which is this?

A

Maxillary sinus

Maxillary sinus mucus has to drain against gravity

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18
Q

What are the two parts of the temporal bone

A

Squamous

Petrous

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19
Q

Which part of the temporal bone articulates with other bones at the pterion (H-shaped suture)

A

Squamous

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20
Q

What is the thinnest part of the skull?

A

Pterion

Between the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones

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21
Q

Which part of the temporal bone contains the inner ear/ otic capsule?

A

Petrous

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22
Q

Which bones make up the anterior cranial fossa, what foramina are found here and what nerves pass through the skull here?

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

CN I

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23
Q

Which bones make up the middle cranial fossa, what foramina are found here and what nerves pass through the skull here?

A

Sphenoid, temporal

Optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, intracranial opening of the carotid canal

CN II, CN III, CN IV, CN V, CN VI

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24
Q

Which bones make up the posterior cranial fossa, what foramina are found here and what nerves pass through the skull here?

A

Occipital, temporal

Internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal

CN VII - CN XII

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25
Q

Which nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, CN X, CN XI

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26
Q

Which nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII, CN VIII

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27
Q

What does the external ear consist of and what is its function?

A

Auricle to the tympanic membrane

Collects and conveys sound waves to the tympanic membrane

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28
Q

What does the middle ear consist of and what is its function?

A

Tympanic membrane to the oval window + the eustachian tube

Amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear

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29
Q

What does the internal ear consist of and what is its function?

A

Oval window to the internal acoustic meatus

Converts special sensory information and sends it to the brain

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30
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the helix and the ear lobes?

A

Anterior rami of C2, 3 spinal nerves

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31
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the superior parts of the external acoustic meatus and the tympanic membrane?

A

CN V3

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32
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the inferior parts of the external acoustic meatus and the tympanic membrane?

A

CN X

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33
Q

What type pf cartilage is the external ear?

A

Elastic

34
Q

What are the glands called which produce earwax?

A

Ceruminous glands

These are found in the skin lining the EAM

35
Q

Where are the 3 bones of the internal ear and by which kind of joints do these articulate?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

Synovial

36
Q

Which bone of the middle ear is in contact with the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

handle of malleus

37
Q

Which bone of the middle ear fits into the oval window?

A

Stapes

base/ footplate of the stapes fits into the oval window

38
Q

The eustachian tube connects the nasopharynx to which part of the ear?

A

Middle ear

39
Q

The middle ear and nasopharynx have common sensory supply from which nerve?

A

CN IX

40
Q

What are the borders of the middle ear? (aka tympanic cavity)

A 
Roof - tegmental wall 
Floor - jugular wall 
Medial wall - labyrinthine wall 
Lateral wall - membranous wall 
Posterior wall - mastoid wall 
Anterior wall - carotid wall
41
Q

How can CNVII function be tested clinically?

A

Ask the patient to frown, close eyes tightly, smile and puff out their cheeks

(testing the muscles of facial expression)

42
Q

What are the names of the 3 semicircular canals?

A

Anterior semicircular canal

Posterior semicircular canal

Lateral semicircular canal

43
Q

Describe the course of the facial nerve

A

The facial nerve connects to the brainstem at the junction between the pons and the medulla

It passes through the internal acoustic meatus to the inner ear where it travels within the facial canal of the petrous temporal bone

Gives off chorda tympani

Exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen

44
Q

The facial nerve gives off the chorda tympani. What are the functions of this nerve?

A

Special sensory to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

Parasympathetic morot innervation of the sublingual and submandibular glands

45
Q

Describe the course of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Connects to the brainstem at the junction between the pons and the medulla oblongata

Passes through the internal acoustic meatus

Cochlear nerve is for hearing
Vestibular nerve is for balance

46
Q

What symptoms might be associated with pathology of the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Dry mouth and loss of taste
Dry eyes
Loss of control over the muscles of facial expression

Loss of hearing
Loss of balance

47
Q

Describe the course of the parotid duct

A

Crosses the master

Pierces medially though the buccinator

Opens onto the parotid papilla of the buccal mucosa opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth

48
Q

What is the innervation of the parotid gland?

A

Parasympathetic secretomotor innervation from CN IX

49
Q

Describe the course of the submandibular duct

A

Deep to the mucosa of the floor of the mouth

Opens onto the sublingual papilla

50
Q

What is the innervation of the submandibular gland?

A

Parasympathetic innervation (secretomotor) from CN VII

51
Q

Describe the course of the sublingual duct

A

Deep to the mucosa of the floor of the mouth

Sublingual ducts are on the sublingual fold in the floor of the mouth

52
Q

What is the innervation of the sublingual gland?

A

Parasympathetic innervation (secretomotor) from CN VII

53
Q

Describe the innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

A

General sensory - CN V3

Special sensory - CN VII

54
Q

Describe the innervation to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

A

General and special sensory from CN IX

55
Q

Describe the blood supply to the tongue

A

The external carotid artery supplies the tongue via the loop of the lingual artery

56
Q

Describe the course of the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

A

Connects to the CNS at the medulla oblongata

Exits the skull via the hypoglossal canal

Descends in the neck lateral to the carotid sheath

Passes anteriorly at the level of the hyoid bone towards the lateral aspect of the tongue

57
Q

What are the 5 muscles of the soft palate?

A 
Levator veli palatini 
Tensor veli palatini 
Palatoglossus 
Palatopharyngeus 
Muscularis uvulae
58
Q

Which nerve supplies all the skeletal muscles of the soft palate? (except tensor veil palatini)

A

CN X

59
Q

Which nerve supplies the tensor veil palatini, a muscle of the soft palate?

A

CN V3

60
Q

Which nerve innervates the pharynx?

A

CN X

NB Exception; stylopharyngess longitudinal muscle is innervated by CN IX

61
Q

What are the regional nodes for the tip of the tongue?

A

Submental nodes

62
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the palatine tonsil?

A

Jugular digastric nodes

63
Q

What is the location of the larynx?

A

C4 - C6

Enclosed within the visceral layer of the pre tracheal fascia of the neck

64
Q

What is the vertebral level of the hyoid bone?

A

C3

65
Q

What responses occur to prevent pulmonary aspiration?

A

Larynx is raised

Epiglottis moves posteriorly

66
Q

Pressing on what structure compresses the oesophagus and prevents regurgitation/ aspiration but allows ventilation?
(Done in emergency situations)

A

Cricoid cartilage

67
Q

What are the true vocal cords and what are the false vocal cords?

A

True vocal cords
- Vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage

False vocal cords
- Arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis

68
Q

Where is the tip of the laryngoscope placed?

A

Vallecula

69
Q

Which intrinsic muscles of the larynx are ADDUCTORS?

A

Arytenoid muscles
Lateral circo-arytenoid muscles

*Makes the voice quieter

70
Q

Which intrinsic muscle of the larynx is an ABDUCTOR?

A

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

*Makes the voice louder

71
Q

Which intrinsic muscle of the larynx is a tensor?

A

Criothyroid muscle

*Increases pitch

72
Q

Which intrinsic muscle of the larynx is a relaxor?

A

Thyroarytenoid muscle

*Decreases pitch

73
Q

Where do supra-glottic tumours drain to?

A

Superior deep cervical nodes

74
Q

Where do sub-glottic tumours drain to?

A

Paratracheal nodes

75
Q

The soft palate tenses (CN V3) and elevates (CN X) to create which sounds?

A

Oral sounds

76
Q

The soft palate tenses (CN V3) and descends (CN X) to create which sounds?

A

Nasal sounds

77
Q

Which nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

except cricothyroid

78
Q

Which nerve innervates the mucosa above the vocal folds?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

79
Q

Which nerve innervates the mucosa below the vocal folds?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

80
Q

How is the CN XII nerve clinically tested?

A

Ask the patient to stick their tongue out

Tests the genioglossus muscle

Tongue moves towards the side of damage

81
Q

What is the clinical test for R&L tensor veli palatini and levator veil palatini?

A

Patient is asked to say “aaah”

CN X and CN V are being tested

Uvula moves away from the damaged side

82
Q

What cartilage is the epiglottis formed of?

A

Elastic

2nd year Anatomy (4 decks)

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