Endocrine Flashcards
What is the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
What is the thing called which connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
Infundibulum / pituitary stalk
What is the relationship of the pituitary gland to the optic chiasm?
Pituitary gland lies inferior to the optic chiasm
Therefore pituitary tumours can affect the visual pathway
What effect does a pituitary tumour have on the visual pathway?
Bitemporal hemianopia
What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?
Mucous secreting respiratory epithelium
What is a paired structure that joints with the contralateral member of its pair?
(this was a spot Qs)
Vertebral arteries
There is a tough layer of dura matter over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa. What is this called?
Tentorium Cerebelli
There is a tough sheet of dura matter forming a roof/ diaphragm over the pituitary fossa. What is this called?
Diaphragm sellae
What is the tentorium cerebelli and what is the diaphragm sellae?
Tentorium cerebelli = tough layer of dura matter over the cerebellum in the posterior cranial fossa
Diaphragm sellae = tough layer of dura matter forming a roof over the pituitary fossa
Dural venous sinuses are venous channels within the dura matter which drain most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity. Which veins do they drain into? Where does this occur
Internal jugular veins
At the jugular foramina in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa
Name a paired bone which protects the organs of hearing and balance, includes the acoustic meatus, carotid canal, glenoid fossa and the zygomatic process.
Temporal bone
Name the bone which contains a paranasal sinus, forms most of the floor of the cranial fossa, protects the pituitary gland and has canals for the passage of the optic nerve (CN II)
Sphenoid bone
Name an unpaired bone in the anterior cranial fossa
Ethmoid bone
What is the relationship of the thyroid gland to the trachea?
The thyroid gland lies anterior to the 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea
Due to this relationship with the larynx and trachea, lumps within the thyroid gland will move on swallowing
What is adam’s apple?
The laryngeal prominence
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
On the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
What is the craic with the pyramidal thyroid lobe?
Additional thyroid lobe which only exists in some people. It most commonly originates from the left lateral lobe and most attach superiorly to the thyroid cartilage, but it may extend as far superiorly as the hyoid bone.
Where does the thyroid gland develop from?
Foramen caecum
Thyroid gland begins its development as a midline epithelial proliferation of the tongue at the junction between the anterior 2/3rds and the posterior 1/3rd.
It then migrates inferiorly while remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct.
Where are the platysma muscles found?
Immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck
Which nerve innervates the platysma muscles?
The facial nerve
These are muscles of facial expression
The prevertebral deep fascia of the neck encloses which structures?
Postural neck muscles and cervical vertebrae
The investing fascia of the neck encloses which structures?
This fascia encloses all of the other neck fascial compartments as well as enclosing the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
The carotid sheaths are anterolateral fascia compartments of the neck. What structures are contained within these sheaths?
Vagus nerves
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Carotid arteries
Internal jugular veins
Which structures are contained within the pre tracheal fascia?
Oesophagus Trachea Thyroid Strap muscles Recurrent laryngeal nerves
What are the attachments of the trapezius muscle?
Spine of the scapula
Lateral end of the clavicle
What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Sternal head attaches to the manubrium of the sternum
Clavicular head attaches to the medial end of the clavicle
Both heads attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone superiorly
Which nerve innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?
CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)
Which vein does the external jugular vein drain into?
Subclavian vein
Which vein does the anterior jugular vein drain into?
External jugular vein
Which arteries provide the main blood supply to the thyroid gland?
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
The superior thyroid artery is a branch of which artery?
External carotid artery
The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of which artery?
Right subclavian artery
What is the craic with the thyroid ima artery?
This is a common variant (not present in everyone) which supplies the thyroid gland.
The superior and middle thyroid vein drain blood from the thyroid. Which vein do these drain into?
Internal jugular veins
The inferior thyroid vein drains part of the thyroid gland. Which vein does it drain into?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?
Right venous angle
Where does the thoracic duct drain into?
Left venous angle
Describe the course of the vagus nerves through the skull, neck, thorax and abdomen
Vagus nerves branch from the medulla oblongata and exit the skull via the JUGULAR FORAMEN
Descend posterior to the lung hilum
Right CN X descends lateral to the trachea
Left CNX descends to the left side of the aortic arch
Pass through the OESOPHAGEAL HIATUS of the diaphragm
Divide into terminal branches on the surface of the stomach and supply abdominal organs
The recurrent laryngeal nerves are branches of which nerve?
Vagus
Describe the difference in the course of left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the arch of aorta
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the subclavian artery
Name 4 strap muscles
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
What are the attachments of the omohyoid strap muscle?
Shoulder (omo) and the hyoid bone
What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Anterior border of the trapezius
Posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, inferior border of the mandible and the midline of the neck
