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History CHY4U0 > Enlightenment: 1685-1815 > Flashcards

Enlightenment: 1685-1815 Flashcards

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1
Q

What revolution influenced the enlightenment?

A

The Scientific Revolution

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2
Q

What was the scientific revolution in general terms?

A

It was when individuals developed a new way of thinking about the world, based on observations, math and science.

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3
Q

Why was there a population expansion in Europe at the beginning of the Enlightenment time period?

A

Due to a series of agricultural innovations, fewer wars and improved hygiene.

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4
Q

Who invented the “Seed Drill”?

A

Jethro Tull

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5
Q

What is the seed drill?

A

It was a drill that consisted of a wheeled vehicle containing a box filled with grain. As the wheel turned, a seed would be planted.

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6
Q

What was the impact of the seed drill? It’s benfits?

A

It was a way to plant much for efficiently.

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7
Q

What was the eighteenth century culture? What did individuals desire? Hint: Versailles

A

Individuals had a desire for luxury and gold, because this would increase their social status.

Versaille is a great example of this, because there was silver and gold everywhere and it was dripping in wealth and riches.

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8
Q

What was the REAL reason people went to the opera for?

A

They went to the opera to see and be seen. Going to the opera shows that one has status.

They didn’t actually care for the music all that much.

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9
Q

What was the purpose of the salon? What went on there?

A

It was a less formal place for members of the aristocracy to meet and discuss politics, literature, views of the world, and a range of other subjects.

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10
Q

What are salonnieres?

A

Women who ran the salon and had the job directing conversations that were meant to give pleasure to the participants and spread knowledge.

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11
Q

What would GOOD salonnieres do?

A

They would direct conversation away from particularly controversial topics.

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12
Q

Who mostly attended salons? What type of people?

A

Nobles

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13
Q

Who were often invited to speak at salons?

A

Philosophes

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14
Q

What is deism?

A

The belief in the existence of a supreme being/god/creator, who doesn’t intervene in the universe.

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15
Q

Who is Thomas Hobbes? Profession?

A

He was an English philosopher and early Enlightenment thinker.

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16
Q

What did Thomas Hobbes mainly believe in? (Political view)

A

He believed in absolutism and how absolutist government can control the evil nature of a man.

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17
Q

What was Thomas Hobbes most famous work? What was it about?

A

Leviathan (1651)

Argues that absolute power of the sovereign was ultimately justified.

Definition
Sovereign: A supreme ruler, a monarch, ultimate power

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18
Q

What was Thomas Hobbes’ theory?

A

In a state of nature, people are free and do whatever they want, but because they are selfish and aggressive, only the strongest survive.

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19
Q

What was the significance of Thomas Hobbes?

A

He was one of the founders of modern political philosophy and his social contract theory influenced modern politics

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20
Q

What is the social contract?

A

An agreement amongst the people that establishes moral and political rules of behavior.

Examples: Caring for others, paying taxes, and benefiting from public services define the social contract that supports and binds us together as a society.

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21
Q

What did Hobbes say about the social contract?

A

That the social contract was an agreement only among the people and not between them and their king.

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22
Q

What was John Locke’s profession?

A

English philosopher and physician to aristocrats.

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23
Q

What did John Locke believe?

A

That humans are not fundamentally bad people.

(Basically the opposite to what Hobbes believed. Hobbes believes that everyone is selfish and desire power)

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24
Q

What was John Locke’s theory?
Hint: In his “Two Treatises on Civil Government”

A

Human nature is governed by reason, sovereignty is not natural but inherited.

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25
Q

What is the “state of nature”?

A

Locke regards the state of nature as a state of total freedom and equality, bound by the law of nature.

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26
Q

What does John Locke say the state of nature and humans?

A

In a state of nature, humans are free, and only take what they need.

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27
Q

What is the most recognizable part of the Declaration of Independence that relates to Locke’s beliefs?

A

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”.

28
Q

What is an “unalienable right”?

A

Rights that are unable to be taken from you (they are set in stone)

29
Q

Significance of John Locke? (3)

A
  1. Influenced the American constitution and American Revolution. (Locke believed in freedom, liberty and having rights).
  2. Important contributions to modern political thought.
  3. A man has three natural rights; life, liberty and property. This idea influenced the Declaration of Independence
30
Q

Who was Voltaire? Profession?

A

French author and philosopher.

31
Q

What type of “religion” did Voltaire practice?

A

Deism

Voltaire saw God as the creator, but once the world is created it functions according to natural laws without interference by God.

32
Q

What impact did Voltaire have on today?

A
  1. Affected the decrease in the power of the Catholic church
  2. He inspired French Revolutionaries.
  3. Voltaire advocated for freedom of speech, which is in the United States Bill of Rights.
33
Q

What was Jean Jacques Rousseau’s profession?

A

Swiss-born French philosopher

34
Q

What book did Rousseau write?

A

The Social Contract

35
Q

What was contradictory about Rousseau?
Hint: Religion

A

He was born a Protestant, converted to Catholicism, lived in a ménage à trois unhappily for a time, then later in life returned to Protestantism!

36
Q

What did Rousseau think about the Enlightenment?

A

He opposed the ideas of the Enlightenment and did not agree with them.

37
Q

What did Rousseau believe about the spread of knowledge?

A

He thought that the spread of knowledge meant progress, but he said that the spread of knowledge also made people less virtuous.

38
Q

What does Rousseau want for society?

A

He wants a society governed by citizens who put the greater good first, where citizens adhere to the general will, almost like a conscience, for the good of the community.

39
Q

Significance of Rousseau?

A
  1. Published The Social Contract
    (the idea that man is free and independent and that “man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”).
  2. His work on social inequality is influential today
    (inequality comes from property)
  3. His ideas eventually led to the French Revolution
    (instilled the entitlement of basic human rights to all men).

Maximilien de Robespierre (future leader of the Jacobins during the French Revolution) was heavily inspired by Rousseau.

40
Q

What was Montesquieu’s profession?

A

French political philosopher and author

41
Q

What did Montesquieu advocate for?

A

The separation of powers in any state.

42
Q

What did Montesquieu like about the British government compared to France?

A

He particularly liked the British government, stating that the emerging constitutional monarchy of Great Britain was less corrupt than the absolute rule of France.

43
Q

What is Montesquieu’s book called?

A

The Spirit of the Laws (1748)

44
Q

What did Montesquieu state in the Spirit of the Laws?

A

His book proposed the separation of powers and advocated for a constitutional government (and outlines factors that should be considered when outlining a constitution).

45
Q

What are the 3 branches of government that Montesquieu introduced?

A

Legislative, executive and judicial

Legislative branch: responsible for reviewing and passing bills/laws

Executive branch: They implement and enforce the law.

Judicial branch: They interpret the law, by punishing criminals, or determining the disputes that arise between individuals.

46
Q

What was Adam Smith’s profession?

A

Economist of the eighteenth century.

47
Q

What did Adam Smith believe?
Hint: What was his book “Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” about?

A

Emphasized the need for free trade and argued that the invisible hand of competition should regulate the economy through supply and demand.

48
Q

Significance of Adam Smith.

A
  1. He was one of the first to push free trade.
  2. Industrialists later used his theories to legitimize their exploitation of the working class.
49
Q

What was Edmund Burke’s profession?

A

British philosopher.

50
Q

What did Burke believe?

A

In simple terms: He argued the case for tradition, continuity, and gradual reform based on practical experience.

Burke believed in the importance to society of established institutions and traditions, and that throwing these out in favor of a new set of “natural” rights and abstract principles would lead to chaos and anarchy.

To Burke, society was a contract, a partnership not only between the living but also between the dead and the as yet unborn.

51
Q

What is Denis Diderot best known for?

A

His “Encyclopedie: Ou Dictionnaire Méthodique Des Sciences, Des Artes, et Des Metiers”

His information is concise and accessible, like a reliable version of Wikipedia!

52
Q

Give me 3 examples of Enlightened Despots.

A
  1. Frederick II ‘the Great’ of Prussia
  2. Joseph II of Austria
  3. Catherine II ‘the Great’ of Russia
53
Q

What was Frederick the Great’s position.

A

Former king of Prussia (king from 1740-1786)

54
Q

What does Frederick the Great of Prussia think about an absolute monarchy?

A

He think an absolute monarchy is best if run well, but the worst government if its not.

55
Q

What are the 3 main things that Frederick did?

A
  1. Reformed education
  2. Granted Religious tolerance and freedom of press
  3. Got rid of the death penalty
56
Q

How did Frederick the Great reform the judicial system?

A

He made it possible for men not of noble status to become judges and senior bureaucrats

57
Q

Why did Frederick the Great encourage people to come to Prussia?

A

Because more people meant more tax revenue.

58
Q

What position did Joseph II of Austria hold?

A

He was Holy Roman Emperor and co-ruler of Austria, alongside his mother.

59
Q

What reforms did Joseph II of Austria implement?

A
  1. freedom of expression
  2. religious toleration
  3. greater state control over the catholic church 4. legal reforms
60
Q

How did Joseph II help out peasants? (2)

A

1.He limited their financial obligations.
2. Gave peasants the right to move, marry, and enter any trade they wished

61
Q

What was Catherine II the great of Russia’s title?

A

Empress of Russia

Definition:
Empress: woman ruler

62
Q

How did Catherine II rule mostly? What type of monarchy?

A

Ruled as a traditional absolute monarch

63
Q

How did Catherine II impact the medial field?

A

She established the first college of medicine to train doctors and surgeons and declared that each Russian province should have a hospital

64
Q

How did Catherine II help farmers?

A

She provided money to farmers to buy machinery and learn new agricultural techniques

65
Q

What is the Charter of the Nobility?

A

It strengthened the power of the nobility and increased their control over their serfs in exchange for loyalty to the throne.

History CHY4U0 (5 decks)

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