Enlightenment Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Enlightenment?

A

The major cultural and intellectual movement of the 18th century

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2
Q

What are the two main takeaways of the Enlightenment?

A

Any problem can be solved with reason and progress cannot happen with superstition

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3
Q

What received social criticism during the enlightenment?

A

Existing institutions of religious intolerance, politics, and gender inequalities

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4
Q

What were the Philosophes?

A

Public intellectuals who used work to reform society

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5
Q

What did the Philosophes encourage?

A

Public participation!

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6
Q

What did John Locke believe about philosophy?

A

It should be pragmatic bcause moral character is derived from nature, not religion

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7
Q

Where do ideas and knowledge come from for Locke?

A

Experience, there is no apriori knowlegde, even if humans are innately good

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8
Q

Who wrote “Principa” of 1687?

A

Issac Newton

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9
Q

What was outlined in “Principa” 1687?

A

Laws of Gravity, calculus, and the unity of math and science

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10
Q

What was Newton’s view on knowledge?

A

It should be a totalizing worldview; math and science work with culture and arts for a bigger picture

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11
Q

Who wrote the “Philosophicaal Letters” of 1733

A

Voltaire

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12
Q

What are the three issues outlined in the “Philosophical Letters” of 1733

A
  1. Free press
  2. Constitutional Monarchy
  3. Human rights and religious tolerance
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13
Q

What is an enlightened despot?

A

A monarch who promotes reforms without giving up their supreme power

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14
Q

Who wrote “Spirit of the Laws” in 1748?

A

Montesquieu

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15
Q

What are the 3 takeaways of Montesquieu’s writing?

A
  1. Gov should match the climate and culture of its people
  2. There should be a separation of three powers
  3. Government should be rooted in natural law, not divinity
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16
Q

What concept did Jean-Jacques Rousseau beg?

A

Popular Sovereignty

17
Q

What did Rousseau believe about the nature of people?

A

They have free will that can lead them to become corrupt in society

18
Q

What is the General Will?

A

The good of community as a collective moral force that governs society

19
Q

What is Enlightenment Economics?

A

An economic model based on the idea that economics can be moral and give people access to goods

20
Q

Under enlightenment economics, what is the responsibility of the government?

A

setting prices and distributions

21
Q

What do the people have the right to do under an enlightment economy?

A

Demand “just prices”

22
Q

Who was Adam Smith?

A

Scottish economic philosopher who coined the notion of laissez faire

23
Q

What did Adam Smith write?

A

An Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of Wealth of Nations

24
Q

What is the laissez-faire model?

A

Goods alway sell at market demand, trade is free, and markets are guided by an invisible hand

25
What are the four sectors of the public sphere?
Academy, Salon, Freemason, and Coffee House
26
What was the Academy?
Schooling by invite only for men in France
27
What was the Salon?
Less formal education mostly promoted in Paris parlors by women
28
What was the Freemason?
Secretive ritualistic societies with Hierarchies
29
What was the Coffee House
Casual exchanges for men and women
30
What did the coffee house symbolize?
Modern commerce, urban living, and the open exchange of ideas
31
At its height, how many coffee houses were there in London? Paris?
550 ; 2800
32
What was the goal of Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopedie?
Put all of human knowledge in one place
33
Who was Diderot?
A french master son
34
Who was d"Alembert?
Mathematician
35
How many people worked on the encyclopedie? How long? How many
over 100 ; 20 years ; 17 volumes
36
How many entries did Diderot make?
Over 5,250