ENHANCEMENT CLASS LAB: ROUTINE URINE ANALYSIS Flashcards
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE
COLOR
CLARITY
ODOR (not performed)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Varies from almost colorless to black
COLOR
COLOR Variations may be due to:
○ Normal metabolic functions
○ Physical activity
○ Ingested materials
○ Pathologic conditions
More solutes, less water
darker urine
MAJOR PIGMENT OF URINE
UROCHROME
Pigment which causes the urine to become yellow
UROCHROME
UROCHROME WAS NAMED BY?
Thudichum in 1864
Proportional to the metabolic rate
UROCHROME
UROCHROME Increased during:
○ Fever
○ Thyroid condition (thyrotoxicosis)
○ Fasting states and starvation
○ Urine stands at room temperature
Pink pigment
UROERYTHRIN
Present in urines that have been refrigerated (precipitation of amorphous urates)
UROERYTHRIN
Attaches to the urates producing a pink-color to the sediment
UROERYTHRIN
From melanin metabolism
UROERYTHRIN
From the oxidation of urobilinogen
UROBILIN
Gives an orange-brown color to a urine that is not fresh
UROBILIN
Recent fluid consumption
COLORLESS/STRAW
Polyuria or diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, diluted random specimen
PALE YELLOW
Concentrated urine
DARK YELLOW
Dehydrated
AMBER
Bilirubin, acriflavine, pyridium, nitrofurantoin, phenindione
ORANGE
white foam
Bilirubin
yellow/orange foam
Pyridium
Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
YELLOW-GREEN/
YELLOW-BROWN
Pseudomonas infection
GREEN
Clorets, indicant, phenol, methylene blue, robaxin
BLUE-GREEN
RBCs, hemoglobin, myoglobin, porphyrin, rifampin, menstruation
PINK-RED
pink supernatant
Myoglobin
port wine color of urine
Porphyrin
red supernatant
RBC
Methemoglobin, homogentisic acid, melanin, argyrols, levodopa, flagyl
BROWN/BLACK
No visible particulates, transparent
CLEAR
Few particulates, print easily seen through urine
HAZY
Many particulates, print blurred through urine
CLOUDY
Print cannot be seen through urine
TURBID
May precipitate or be clotted
MILKY
Mix the urine sample 3 times using a _______
figure of eight motion
Place a sample at least ____on a test tube
¾
Check the COLOR of the urine sample ______ with a good light source
ON A PLAIN WHITE BACKGROUND
Check the CLARITY of the urine sample on a ___________
PRINTED WHITE BACKGROUND
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE
● Glucose
● Bilirubin
● Ketones
● Specific Gravity
● Protein
● pH
● Blood
● Urobilinogen
● Nitrite leukocytes
MNEMONICS FOR PARAMETERS REACTION TIME:
Good Boy (30 sec) Kill (40 sec) Sharks (45 sec) para papa BUN (60 sec) leukocytes (120 sec)
● (Good boy) Glucose and Bilirubin: 30 seconds
● (kill) Ketones: 40 seconds
● (sharks) Specific Gravity: 45 seconds
● (para papa BUN) pH, protein, blood, urobilinogen,
nitrite: 60 seconds
● (leukocyte esterase) Leukocytes: 120 seconds
DOUBLE-INDICATOR SYSTEM
ph
PROTEIN ERROR OF INDICATOR
Protein
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE
REACTION
Ketones
PSEUDOPEROXIDASE REACTION
OF HEMOGLOBIN
Blood
DOUBLE SEQUENTIAL ENZYMATIC REACTION
Glucose