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STEM basic topics for Entrance Exam > Enhanced Earth Science > Flashcards

Enhanced Earth Science Flashcards

1
Q

Related to the surface of the earth

The earth’s surface is _____ water and _____ land.

The percentages of the amount

A

71% water and 29% land.

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2
Q

Surface of the Earth

The water on the surface of the earth is _____ salt water and _____ fresh water.

Percentages

A

97% salt water or saline water and 2.5% fresh water.

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3
Q

Surface of the earth

Where does the fresh water usually come from?

A

In ground waters, glaciers and ice caps and etc.

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4
Q

Surface of the earth

what is the earth’s air made up of?

4 answers with percentages

A

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and 0.04% carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Define Albedo

A

The ability of the surface of the Earth to reflect sunlight.

eg. snow

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6
Q

layers of the atmosphere

what are the main layers of the atmosphere?

T-S-M-T-E

A

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere

Try some milk and toasted eggs

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7
Q

There are two tyeps of ifentification of the earth’s composition….

C and M

A

Compositional Layers and Mechanical Layers

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8
Q

The crust is made up of minerals such as…

A

magnesium, potassium, sodium, aluminum, and silicon

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9
Q

Compositional Layer

what are the parts of the Earth’s compositional layers?

A

Crust, mantle and core

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10
Q

Mechanical layers

What are the Earth’s mechanical layers?

A

Lithosphere, Aesthenosphere, mesophere, outer core and inner core

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11
Q

layers of the Atmosphere

this is where organisms and living things such as humans are located, also where the airplanes navigate.

A

Troposphere

10 Km

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12
Q

layers of the Atmosphere

This is where the ozone layers is located, protecting us from the UV rays..

A

Stratosphere

30 Km

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13
Q

Layers of the Atmosphere

This is where meteors burn up and where space starts, amd where the aurora borealis and ISS is located

A

Thermosphere

100-350 Km

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14
Q

Layers of the Atmposhere

The farthest layer of the atmosphere that is mostly space and is 10,000 Km high

A

Exosphere

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15
Q

What does the plate tectonics theory state…

Definition

A

it states that the earth’s outer mechanical layers, the listhosphere, is divided into large continent-sized plates that are constantly moving.

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16
Q

Mechanisms of Plate tectonics

It is the continuous loop of sinking hot rocks caused by energy transfer from the core to the mantle or Aesthenosphere.

Circular patterns

A

Convection current or mantle Convection

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17
Q

Mechanisms of Plate tectonics

Who proposed Convection current theory?

A

Arthur Holmes

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18
Q

Plate tectonics theory

Who believed that 200 million years ago, all continents were joined together and called it “Pangea”, greek for “All the Earth”

A

Alfred Wagner

(1880-1930)

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19
Q

Plate Tectonics Theory

It was theorized that all the continents were once joined together then were all broken apart through time, it was called…

A

The Continental Drift

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20
Q

Mechanisms of Plate tectonics

Define Convection current.

A

(answers may vary)

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21
Q

The convection Current circles within the mantle and pushes magma up forming _______

A

new crusts

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22
Q

When ____ sinks during convection, it pulls the surface together and making the denser crust to _____

A

Colder magma, Subduct

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23
Q

Mechanisms of plate tectonics

This theory states that gravity and the plates are responsible for the plates to undergo subduction…

A

Slab pull theory

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24
Q

_____________ are natural openings in the earth’s surface where molten rocks, smoke, gases and ashes are ejected.

A

Volcanoes

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24
Q

Mechanisms of Plate Tectonics

This occurs in mid-ocean ridges where the listhosphere slides down as the hot aesthenosphere below slowly releases heat and pushes upwards.

A

Ridge push

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25
Q

The part of the earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.

A

Epicenter

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26
Q

A landmass that projects around its surroundings and is higher than a hill.

A

Mountain

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27
Q

It is an apparatus that is used to measure and record vibrations within the earth.

A

A Seismograph

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28
Q

Volcanoes

What are the parts of a volcano?

A

Crater, Summit, and slope + base

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29
Q

It is the liquid’s thickness and stickiness

A

Viscosity

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30
Q

Volcanoes

What are the three types of volcanoes according to its shape and form?

A

Cinder cone volcano, Composite Volcano, and sheild volcano

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31
Q

Volcanoes

Give one example of an active volcano in Philippines

A

Mt. Taal

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32
Q

Volcanoes

it has a steep slope, a wide crater, and is the most abundant of the three major volcanoes.

A

Cinder cone volcano

100 - 400 meters tall

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33
Q

volcanoes

It is tall and conical, also known as “strato volcano”.

A

Composite volcano

100 - 3500 meters tall

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34
Q

volcanes

These are huge, gently sloped volcanoes that exclusively erupt basaltic lava.

A

Sheild volcano

9000 meters tall

35
Q

Volcanoes

what are the 6 types of volcanic eruptions?

A

Phreatic (hydrothermal), Phreatomagmatic, magmatic, strombolian, vulcanian, and plinian

36
Q

volcanoes

A volcanic eruption that has more steam and ash columns due to the magma, lava and hot rocks that came in contact with water under ground or on the surface

A

Phreatic (hydrothermal)

37
Q

Volcanoes

A violent eruption due to magma and water coming and contact and constantly mixing

A

Phreatomagmatic

It results in large columns of fine ash with a highspeed sideway emission of pyroclastics called base surges.

38
Q

Volcanoes

The rise of magma towards the surface

A

magmatic

characterized by weak fountaining lava and accompanied by thunder and flashes of lightning.

39
Q

Volcanoes

A periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava

A

Strombolian

Fountain lava

40
Q

volcaneoes

Characterized by tall column eruptions that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastics flow and ashfall tephra

A

Vulcanian

tall column eruptions

41
Q

Volcanoes

excessively explosive eruption of gas and pyroclastics

A

Plinian

disruptive but deos not erupt in columns

42
Q

Volcanoes

VEI or ____ measures the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions

A

Volcanic explosivity index

43
Q

it is the timetable of events in the history of the earth.

A

The geological time scale

44
Q

The geological time scale has four categories…

E

A

Eons, Eras, periods and Epochs

45
Q

Geological time scale

what are the four eons of the geological time scale

A

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and the phanerozoic eons

46
Q

Geological time scale

This eons means “Hades”

A

hadeon

4.54 Ga

47
Q

Geological time scale

this eon lasted for 4-2.5 Ga

A

Archean Eon

48
Q

Geological time scale

Hadean + archean + proterozoic eons =

p

A

The Precambrian Eon

49
Q

Geological time scale

This eon was the start of emergence of life as the heavy asteroid bombardment slowly stops..

A

The Archean Eon

50
Q

Geological time scale

The oldest fossils of this eon are 3.48-billion-year-old rocky remnants of microbial mats fromed by cyanobacteria living in tidal flats, these are called (blank), in the eon (blank).

s

A

Stromatolites, The archean eon

51
Q

Geological time scale

another main event in this eon was the formation of continents called “Cratons”, where i few of them can still be seen near Canadian Regions.

A

The archean eon

52
Q

Geological time scale

the (blank) eon lasted from 2.5 Ga to 541 Ma. Where the increase of atmospheric oxygen began because of the newly evolved cyanobacteria with photosynthetic capabilities.

A

The Proterozoix eon

53
Q

Geological time scale

The increase of atmospheric oxygen began because of the newly evolved cyanobacteria with photosynthetic capabilities. This event is called the (blank).

A

The great oxidation event

54
Q

(blank) is the theory which states how unicellular eukaryotes evolve, it is when certain prokaryotic organisms incorporates inside other cells/orgnisms, creating a new cell.

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

55
Q

Geological time scale

The oldest fossils in the Proterozoic eon are from 570 Ma and are called—–

A

Ediacara Fauna

56
Q

Geological time scale

The Proterozoic eon had two super contents, namely;

A

Supercontinents Nuna and rodinia

57
Q

Geological time scale

Snowball earth during the proterozoic peaked because of the massive ice age that took over the planet for—

year

A

720 - 635 Ma

58
Q

geological time scale

The end of the precambrian eons was marked by a diversification of life called—

A

The cambrian explosion

59
Q

geological time scale

In the phanerozoic eon, this period was where the earliest animal life was striving with no predation.
and what era is this?

era and period

A

The cambrian period, the paleozoic era

era (541-252 Ma)
period (541-485 Ma)

60
Q

geological time scale

in the paleozoic era, in this period, early life first started to invade in land such as vascular plants and lung fish.

period

A

Ordovician Period

61
Q

Geological time scale

The vascular plants absorbed large amounts of CO2 that cooled down the earth resulting in a mass extinction.

Which period?

A

Ordovician Period

62
Q

geological time scale

these periods is where a population of lung fish evolved leg-like fins. which are now called Amphibians, the forst vertebrates to walk on land.

periods (2)

A

Ordovician-Silurian periods

63
Q

Amphibians then evolved into reptiels because of (blank) that allowed reptiels to reproduce on dry land.

name

A

Amniote eggs

64
Q

geological time scale

during the paleozoic era, mountains also started to form and are called (blank)

A

Orgeny or mountain-building event

65
Q

geological time scale

In the Paleozoic era, three orgenies where formed all throughout the era, namely;

A

Taconic Orgeny (450 ma, ordovician-silurian periods), Acadian orgeny ( 380 ma, devonian period), Alleghawian orgeny (300 ma, pennsylvanian-permian period).

66
Q

geological time scale

this orgeny was responsible for the formation of the Appalachain Mountains.

A

Alleghawian Orgeny

67
Q

Geological tie scale

at the end of the Paleozoic era, the assemply of a supercontinent formed called–

A

Pangea

280-230 Ma

68
Q

geological time scale

In this period of the Paleozoic era, large deposist of coal formed.

A

The carboniferous period

Cols form when plant tisses are rapidly buried in anoxic conditios in coastal and inland swamps.

69
Q

geological t ime scale

what are the three eras in the geological time scale?

A

Paleozoic, mesozoic and the cenozoic eras

P = 541-252 Ma
M = 252-65 Ma
C = 66 Ma - present

70
Q

geological time scale

at the end of the paleozoic era, a big event that caused 90% of all species to die happened due to the intense heat and the salination of the ocean, this event is called—

A

The great dying

71
Q

Geological time scale

The mesozoic era is also known as the age of —-

A

The age of dinosaurs

240 Ma

72
Q

Geological time scale

In the mesozoic era, the evolution of mammals started—

year

A

30 Ma

73
Q

Geological time scale

The stretching or thinning of crust which produced the atlantic ocean, this happened 180 Ma, in which era?

A

The mesozoic era

74
Q

geological time scale

In the mesozoic era, during what period did the extinction of dinosaurs happened?

A

cretaceous period

66 Ma

75
Q

geological time scale

what are the periods of the mesozoic era?

A

Triassic, jurassic and cretaceous periods

76
Q

geological time scale

This era is also called the age of mammals

A

The cenozoic era

66 Ma-present

77
Q

Geological time scale

this era is where the configuration of the continents finalized

A

The cenozoic era

78
Q

geological time scale

What are the 7 epochs of the cenozoic era?

A

Palaeocene, eocene, oligocene, miocene, pliocene, pleistocene, and holocene

olderst to youngest epoch

79
Q

geological time scale

what are the three periods of the cenozoic era?

A

Palaeogene, neogene, and quaternary

olderst to youngest

80
Q

epoch events

Frist primates, large flightless carnivorous birds

65 Ma

A

palaeocene

81
Q

epoch events

ungulates and cetaceans

54.8 Ma

A

eocene

82
Q

epoch events

old to new world monkeys

33.7 Ma

A

Oligocene

83
Q

epoch events

Large sharks, songbirds, grasses and grazing ungulates

23.8 Ma

A

Miocene

84
Q

epoch events

First homomins

5.3 Ma

A

pliocene

85
Q

epoch events

mega-mammals

1.8-0.01 Ma

A

pleistocene

STEM basic topics for Entrance Exam (7 decks)

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