Enhanced Earth Science Flashcards
Related to the surface of the earth
The earth’s surface is _____ water and _____ land.
The percentages of the amount
71% water and 29% land.
Surface of the Earth
The water on the surface of the earth is _____ salt water and _____ fresh water.
Percentages
97% salt water or saline water and 2.5% fresh water.
Surface of the earth
Where does the fresh water usually come from?
In ground waters, glaciers and ice caps and etc.
Surface of the earth
what is the earth’s air made up of?
4 answers with percentages
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and 0.04% carbon dioxide
Define Albedo
The ability of the surface of the Earth to reflect sunlight.
eg. snow
layers of the atmosphere
what are the main layers of the atmosphere?
T-S-M-T-E
Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere
Try some milk and toasted eggs
There are two tyeps of ifentification of the earth’s composition….
C and M
Compositional Layers and Mechanical Layers
The crust is made up of minerals such as…
magnesium, potassium, sodium, aluminum, and silicon
Compositional Layer
what are the parts of the Earth’s compositional layers?
Crust, mantle and core
Mechanical layers
What are the Earth’s mechanical layers?
Lithosphere, Aesthenosphere, mesophere, outer core and inner core
layers of the Atmosphere
this is where organisms and living things such as humans are located, also where the airplanes navigate.
Troposphere
10 Km
layers of the Atmosphere
This is where the ozone layers is located, protecting us from the UV rays..
Stratosphere
30 Km
Layers of the Atmosphere
This is where meteors burn up and where space starts, amd where the aurora borealis and ISS is located
Thermosphere
100-350 Km
Layers of the Atmposhere
The farthest layer of the atmosphere that is mostly space and is 10,000 Km high
Exosphere
What does the plate tectonics theory state…
Definition
it states that the earth’s outer mechanical layers, the listhosphere, is divided into large continent-sized plates that are constantly moving.
Mechanisms of Plate tectonics
It is the continuous loop of sinking hot rocks caused by energy transfer from the core to the mantle or Aesthenosphere.
Circular patterns
Convection current or mantle Convection
Mechanisms of Plate tectonics
Who proposed Convection current theory?
Arthur Holmes
Plate tectonics theory
Who believed that 200 million years ago, all continents were joined together and called it “Pangea”, greek for “All the Earth”
Alfred Wagner
(1880-1930)
Plate Tectonics Theory
It was theorized that all the continents were once joined together then were all broken apart through time, it was called…
The Continental Drift
Mechanisms of Plate tectonics
Define Convection current.
(answers may vary)
The convection Current circles within the mantle and pushes magma up forming _______
new crusts
When ____ sinks during convection, it pulls the surface together and making the denser crust to _____
Colder magma, Subduct
Mechanisms of plate tectonics
This theory states that gravity and the plates are responsible for the plates to undergo subduction…
Slab pull theory
_____________ are natural openings in the earth’s surface where molten rocks, smoke, gases and ashes are ejected.
Volcanoes
Mechanisms of Plate Tectonics
This occurs in mid-ocean ridges where the listhosphere slides down as the hot aesthenosphere below slowly releases heat and pushes upwards.
Ridge push
The part of the earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
Epicenter
A landmass that projects around its surroundings and is higher than a hill.
Mountain
It is an apparatus that is used to measure and record vibrations within the earth.
A Seismograph
Volcanoes
What are the parts of a volcano?
Crater, Summit, and slope + base
It is the liquid’s thickness and stickiness
Viscosity
Volcanoes
What are the three types of volcanoes according to its shape and form?
Cinder cone volcano, Composite Volcano, and sheild volcano
Volcanoes
Give one example of an active volcano in Philippines
Mt. Taal
Volcanoes
it has a steep slope, a wide crater, and is the most abundant of the three major volcanoes.
Cinder cone volcano
100 - 400 meters tall
volcanoes
It is tall and conical, also known as “strato volcano”.
Composite volcano
100 - 3500 meters tall
volcanes
These are huge, gently sloped volcanoes that exclusively erupt basaltic lava.
Sheild volcano
9000 meters tall
Volcanoes
what are the 6 types of volcanic eruptions?
Phreatic (hydrothermal), Phreatomagmatic, magmatic, strombolian, vulcanian, and plinian
volcanoes
A volcanic eruption that has more steam and ash columns due to the magma, lava and hot rocks that came in contact with water under ground or on the surface
Phreatic (hydrothermal)
Volcanoes
A violent eruption due to magma and water coming and contact and constantly mixing
Phreatomagmatic
It results in large columns of fine ash with a highspeed sideway emission of pyroclastics called base surges.
Volcanoes
The rise of magma towards the surface
magmatic
characterized by weak fountaining lava and accompanied by thunder and flashes of lightning.
Volcanoes
A periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava
Strombolian
Fountain lava
volcaneoes
Characterized by tall column eruptions that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastics flow and ashfall tephra
Vulcanian
tall column eruptions
Volcanoes
excessively explosive eruption of gas and pyroclastics
Plinian
disruptive but deos not erupt in columns
Volcanoes
VEI or ____ measures the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions
Volcanic explosivity index
it is the timetable of events in the history of the earth.
The geological time scale
The geological time scale has four categories…
E
Eons, Eras, periods and Epochs
Geological time scale
what are the four eons of the geological time scale
Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and the phanerozoic eons
Geological time scale
This eons means “Hades”
hadeon
4.54 Ga
Geological time scale
this eon lasted for 4-2.5 Ga
Archean Eon
Geological time scale
Hadean + archean + proterozoic eons =
p
The Precambrian Eon
Geological time scale
This eon was the start of emergence of life as the heavy asteroid bombardment slowly stops..
The Archean Eon
Geological time scale
The oldest fossils of this eon are 3.48-billion-year-old rocky remnants of microbial mats fromed by cyanobacteria living in tidal flats, these are called (blank), in the eon (blank).
s
Stromatolites, The archean eon
Geological time scale
another main event in this eon was the formation of continents called “Cratons”, where i few of them can still be seen near Canadian Regions.
The archean eon
Geological time scale
the (blank) eon lasted from 2.5 Ga to 541 Ma. Where the increase of atmospheric oxygen began because of the newly evolved cyanobacteria with photosynthetic capabilities.
The Proterozoix eon
Geological time scale
The increase of atmospheric oxygen began because of the newly evolved cyanobacteria with photosynthetic capabilities. This event is called the (blank).
The great oxidation event
(blank) is the theory which states how unicellular eukaryotes evolve, it is when certain prokaryotic organisms incorporates inside other cells/orgnisms, creating a new cell.
Endosymbiotic Theory
Geological time scale
The oldest fossils in the Proterozoic eon are from 570 Ma and are called—–
Ediacara Fauna
Geological time scale
The Proterozoic eon had two super contents, namely;
Supercontinents Nuna and rodinia
Geological time scale
Snowball earth during the proterozoic peaked because of the massive ice age that took over the planet for—
year
720 - 635 Ma
geological time scale
The end of the precambrian eons was marked by a diversification of life called—
The cambrian explosion
geological time scale
In the phanerozoic eon, this period was where the earliest animal life was striving with no predation.
and what era is this?
era and period
The cambrian period, the paleozoic era
era (541-252 Ma)
period (541-485 Ma)
geological time scale
in the paleozoic era, in this period, early life first started to invade in land such as vascular plants and lung fish.
period
Ordovician Period
Geological time scale
The vascular plants absorbed large amounts of CO2 that cooled down the earth resulting in a mass extinction.
Which period?
Ordovician Period
geological time scale
these periods is where a population of lung fish evolved leg-like fins. which are now called Amphibians, the forst vertebrates to walk on land.
periods (2)
Ordovician-Silurian periods
Amphibians then evolved into reptiels because of (blank) that allowed reptiels to reproduce on dry land.
name
Amniote eggs
geological time scale
during the paleozoic era, mountains also started to form and are called (blank)
Orgeny or mountain-building event
geological time scale
In the Paleozoic era, three orgenies where formed all throughout the era, namely;
Taconic Orgeny (450 ma, ordovician-silurian periods), Acadian orgeny ( 380 ma, devonian period), Alleghawian orgeny (300 ma, pennsylvanian-permian period).
geological time scale
this orgeny was responsible for the formation of the Appalachain Mountains.
Alleghawian Orgeny
Geological tie scale
at the end of the Paleozoic era, the assemply of a supercontinent formed called–
Pangea
280-230 Ma
geological time scale
In this period of the Paleozoic era, large deposist of coal formed.
The carboniferous period
Cols form when plant tisses are rapidly buried in anoxic conditios in coastal and inland swamps.
geological t ime scale
what are the three eras in the geological time scale?
Paleozoic, mesozoic and the cenozoic eras
P = 541-252 Ma
M = 252-65 Ma
C = 66 Ma - present
geological time scale
at the end of the paleozoic era, a big event that caused 90% of all species to die happened due to the intense heat and the salination of the ocean, this event is called—
The great dying
Geological time scale
The mesozoic era is also known as the age of —-
The age of dinosaurs
240 Ma
Geological time scale
In the mesozoic era, the evolution of mammals started—
year
30 Ma
Geological time scale
The stretching or thinning of crust which produced the atlantic ocean, this happened 180 Ma, in which era?
The mesozoic era
geological time scale
In the mesozoic era, during what period did the extinction of dinosaurs happened?
cretaceous period
66 Ma
geological time scale
what are the periods of the mesozoic era?
Triassic, jurassic and cretaceous periods
geological time scale
This era is also called the age of mammals
The cenozoic era
66 Ma-present
Geological time scale
this era is where the configuration of the continents finalized
The cenozoic era
geological time scale
What are the 7 epochs of the cenozoic era?
Palaeocene, eocene, oligocene, miocene, pliocene, pleistocene, and holocene
olderst to youngest epoch
geological time scale
what are the three periods of the cenozoic era?
Palaeogene, neogene, and quaternary
olderst to youngest
epoch events
Frist primates, large flightless carnivorous birds
65 Ma
palaeocene
epoch events
ungulates and cetaceans
54.8 Ma
eocene
epoch events
old to new world monkeys
33.7 Ma
Oligocene
epoch events
Large sharks, songbirds, grasses and grazing ungulates
23.8 Ma
Miocene
epoch events
First homomins
5.3 Ma
pliocene
epoch events
mega-mammals
1.8-0.01 Ma
pleistocene
