Basic Science Lessons Flashcards
basic Biology, chemistry, Physics, earth science and math
What is the cell theory?
A scientific theory that explains how living organisms are built and function.
what are the four principles in the cell theory?
The cell is the smallest unit and the basic living unit.
All living things are made up of cells.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA.
who first discovered the microscopic world?
Robert Hooke
what are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
who was the first to call it the “cells”?
Robert Hooke
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
has a membrane - bound nucleus.
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
has no mitochondria.
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
has no membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
is unicellular.
prokaryotic
what does unicellular mean?
single-cell
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
animal cells.
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
archaea and bacteria.
Prokaryotes
who were the two Germans who collaborated in the cell theory?
matthias Schleiden and Theodore Shwann
what does multicellular mean?
multiple cells
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
protists, animals, and fungi
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
has membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes
Define cell membrane.
also called as the “cell wall” and has selective permeability that controls what goes in and out
Define Cytoplasm.
The liquid-like substace in the cell where everything floats around.
what is inside the cytoplasm?
cytoskeleton
Define centrosomes.
long microtubes made out of protein to hold the organelles in place.
what is E.R in the cell?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
what are the two types of E.R?
Rough ER and Smooth ER
what is the purpose of the rough ER?
it helps in protein synthesis
what is the purpose of smooth ER?
contains enzymes to create lipids and acts to detoxify
define ribosomes.
Assembles amino acids into polypeptides
define the Golgi apparatus.
it processes the proteins, cutting up smaller proteins into hormones, and packages them.
what do you call the saccs that act as “delivery Packages”?
Vessicles
what organelle does the recycling of waste and debris outside the cell and turns it into new cell-building materials?
lysosomes
what do you call the organelle that is the head of the cell and carries the DNA?
nucleus
A gooey substance inside the nucleus that makes rRNA.
Nucleolus
Define the mitocondria.
The powerplant of the cell. Turns carbohydrates and other fuels into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or energy
what makes the plant cell special from the animal cell?
it has a cell wall, central vacuole and chloroplasts.
what is the central vacuole?
a storage room in the plant cell that stores water, also plays a role in stability and structure.
what happens in the chloroplast?
cellular respiration occurs and turns light into glucose and oxygen.
what does prokaryote mean?
“before” “nuts (nucleus)”
what does Eukaryote mean?
'’true’’ ‘‘nucleus”
prokaryotes has a nucleus, slay or nayh?
nayh
eukaryotes reproduce by meiosis and mitosis, slay or nayh?
slay
what are the layers of the earth?
crust, mantle, outer core and inner core
it is made up of granite rocks, less dense and thicker.
Continental crust
made up of basalt rock, denser, younger, and thinner
oceanic crust
Consists of the crust and upper mantle
lithosphere
oceanic crust and upper mantle
aesthenosphere
composed primarily of iron, magnesium and silicon
Oceanic crust
mantle is divided into three sections:
upper mantle, transition zone, and the lower mantle
define mantle convection.
the movement of the mantle as it transfers the heat from the core to the lithosphere
define seismic waves.
vibrations in the earth that are generated from earthquakes and etc.
what are the two types of seismic waves?
primary waves (P-waves) and secondary waves (S-waves)
define P-waves.
travels faster through solids, liquids, and gas.
define S-waves.
travels slower and can only travel in solids.`
is 2,250 km thick and consists of iron and nickel.
outer core
has a radius of 1,300 km and its temperature reaches to about 5,000 degrees celcius.
inner core
what are the 7 continental plates?
south and northern american plates, african plate, pacific plate, indo-australian plate, eurasian plate and antarctic plate.
what does the big bang theory say?
the universe was formed 13.7 billion years ago with a small dot that kept on expanding
what are the four terrestrial planets?
mercury, Venus, earth and mars
what are the gas giants planets?
jupiter and saturn
which planets were the ice giants?
uranus and neptune
which planet had the iconic Great red spot?
jupiter
which planet had 83 moons?
Saturn
which planet is the coldest?
Neptune
Define atoms.
The basic unit of matter and chemical element, the smallest molecule of an element, the building blocks of all elements and molecules.
Atoms are made up of even smaller particles called…
Subatomic particles
atoms are made up of..
protons, neutrons and electrons
protons are (negatively, positively) charged
positively charged
neutrons are..
neutral, meaning no charge at all
The electron shells closest to the nucleus are called..
ground state
The electrons in the outermost part of the shell are called…
Excited state
In 400 BC, who first called it the “atoms” or “atomos”, meaning “uncuttable or undivided”?
Democritus
These two scientists found out that certain pure substances can be broken down further through chemical reactions.
Antoine Lavoisier and Marie-Anne Paulze
define electron configuration.
the distribution of electrons within the orbitals of an atom of an element,
what are the numbers of the orbital sublevels S, P, D and F?
s = 2, p = 6, d = 10, and f = 14
what is ionic bond?
It is a chemical bond that happens between a metal and a non-metal atoms. A metal gives up a number of electrons and transfers it to a non-metal element to achieve stability.
what is an ion?
an atom or molecule with a positive or a negative charge.
what are the two types of ions?
Cation and anion
define cation.
a positively charged electron
define anion.
a negatively charged electron
what is a valence electron?
the number of electrons in the outermost energy level
what are the two types of ionic bonds?
Covalent and metallic bonds
define a covalent bond.
a bond that occurs between two non-metallic atoms with similar electronegativity to share.
define a metallic bond.
a bond between two metallic ions.
what are the four types of covalent bond?
Single covalent bond, double covalent bond, polar covalent bond and non-polar covalent bond.
what is the difference between single and double covalent bond?
single covalent bond shares a pair of electrons, while a double covalent bond shares two pairs of electrons.
what is the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds?
Non-polar covalent bonds shared electrons equally, while polar covalent bonds shared electrons unequally.
what are the three types of hydrocarbons?
Alkane, alkene, and alkyne
define hydrocarbon alkane.
a hydrocarbon with a single bond
define hydrocarbon alkene.
a hydrocarbon with double bonds
define hydrocarbon alkyne
a hydrocarbon with triple bond
what are hydrocarbons?
an organic compound that consists of hydrogen and carbon
what is matter?
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
what are the two categories of matter?
pure substances and mixtures
what are the states of matter?
Solids, Liquid and gas
what are two categories of mixtures
homogeneous and heterogeneous
what are two categories of pure substances?
elements and compounds
any substance that is composed of two or more different kinds of elements are called..
compounds
this matter has definite shape and volume
solid
this matter has definite volume but no shape
liquid
this matter has no definite shape and volume
gases
define velocity.
the measure of change of position over time
define acceleration.
the change of meters per second
distance with direction is called..
Displacement
define force.
a push or pull upon an object from its interaction with another object that causes it to move and gain acceleration
what are the two kinds of forces?
contact force and non-contact force
what is a scalar quantity? give one example.
A scalar quantity is a quantity that are fully described by a magnitude or numerical value but with no direction. Ex. temperature, mass, energy, distance, speed, density.
what is a vector quantity? give one example.
A vector quantity is a quantity that are fully described by both a magnitude and direction. ex. force, velocity, acceleration, displacement, momentum.
what is uniform motion?
a motion that is constant
what is a non-uniform motion?
a motion that is not constant
what are the types of plate boundaries?
convergent, divergent and transform
divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts, eventually becoming…
rift valleys
these plates slides or grinds past each other without converging or diverging.
transform fault boundaries
__________ is a zone where plates collide.
Convergent plate boundaries
convergent boundaries slides beneath each other, a process known as….
subduction
what are the three types of convergent boundaries?
oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, continental-continental
oceanic and oceanic convergence produces..
islands and volcanoes
oceanic and continental convergence forms..
volcanic island arcs
when two continental plates converge, they smash together and create..
mountain ranges
when the seafloor spreads ___________ forms.
mid-ocean ridges
divergent plate boundaries mostly happen under the ocean creating…
rift valleys
