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STEM basic topics for Entrance Exam > Basic Science Lessons > Flashcards

Basic Science Lessons Flashcards

basic Biology, chemistry, Physics, earth science and math

1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

A scientific theory that explains how living organisms are built and function.

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2
Q

what are the four principles in the cell theory?

A

The cell is the smallest unit and the basic living unit.
All living things are made up of cells.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA.

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3
Q

who first discovered the microscopic world?

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

what are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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5
Q

who was the first to call it the “cells”?

A

Robert Hooke

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6
Q

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
has a membrane - bound nucleus.

A

Eukaryotic

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7
Q

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
has no mitochondria.

A

Prokaryotic

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8
Q

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
has no membrane-bound organelles.

A

Prokaryotic

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9
Q

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
is unicellular.

A

prokaryotic

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10
Q

what does unicellular mean?

A

single-cell

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11
Q

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
animal cells.

A

Eukaryotes

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12
Q

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
archaea and bacteria.

A

Prokaryotes

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13
Q

who were the two Germans who collaborated in the cell theory?

A

matthias Schleiden and Theodore Shwann

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14
Q

what does multicellular mean?

A

multiple cells

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15
Q

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
protists, animals, and fungi

A

Eukaryotes

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16
Q

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
has membrane-bound organelles.

A

Eukaryotes

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17
Q

Define cell membrane.

A

also called as the “cell wall” and has selective permeability that controls what goes in and out

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18
Q

Define Cytoplasm.

A

The liquid-like substace in the cell where everything floats around.

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19
Q

what is inside the cytoplasm?

A

cytoskeleton

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20
Q

Define centrosomes.

A

long microtubes made out of protein to hold the organelles in place.

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21
Q

what is E.R in the cell?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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22
Q

what are the two types of E.R?

A

Rough ER and Smooth ER

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23
Q

what is the purpose of the rough ER?

A

it helps in protein synthesis

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24
Q

what is the purpose of smooth ER?

A

contains enzymes to create lipids and acts to detoxify

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25
Q

define ribosomes.

A

Assembles amino acids into polypeptides

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26
Q

define the Golgi apparatus.

A

it processes the proteins, cutting up smaller proteins into hormones, and packages them.

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27
Q

what do you call the saccs that act as “delivery Packages”?

A

Vessicles

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28
Q

what organelle does the recycling of waste and debris outside the cell and turns it into new cell-building materials?

A

lysosomes

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29
Q

what do you call the organelle that is the head of the cell and carries the DNA?

A

nucleus

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30
Q

A gooey substance inside the nucleus that makes rRNA.

A

Nucleolus

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31
Q

Define the mitocondria.

A

The powerplant of the cell. Turns carbohydrates and other fuels into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or energy

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32
Q

what makes the plant cell special from the animal cell?

A

it has a cell wall, central vacuole and chloroplasts.

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33
Q

what is the central vacuole?

A

a storage room in the plant cell that stores water, also plays a role in stability and structure.

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34
Q

what happens in the chloroplast?

A

cellular respiration occurs and turns light into glucose and oxygen.

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35
Q

what does prokaryote mean?

A

“before” “nuts (nucleus)”

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36
Q

what does Eukaryote mean?

A

'’true’’ ‘‘nucleus”

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37
Q

prokaryotes has a nucleus, slay or nayh?

A

nayh

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38
Q

eukaryotes reproduce by meiosis and mitosis, slay or nayh?

A

slay

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39
Q

what are the layers of the earth?

A

crust, mantle, outer core and inner core

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40
Q

it is made up of granite rocks, less dense and thicker.

A

Continental crust

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41
Q

made up of basalt rock, denser, younger, and thinner

A

oceanic crust

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42
Q

Consists of the crust and upper mantle

A

lithosphere

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43
Q

oceanic crust and upper mantle

A

aesthenosphere

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44
Q

composed primarily of iron, magnesium and silicon

A

Oceanic crust

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45
Q

mantle is divided into three sections:

A

upper mantle, transition zone, and the lower mantle

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46
Q

define mantle convection.

A

the movement of the mantle as it transfers the heat from the core to the lithosphere

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47
Q

define seismic waves.

A

vibrations in the earth that are generated from earthquakes and etc.

48
Q

what are the two types of seismic waves?

A

primary waves (P-waves) and secondary waves (S-waves)

49
Q

define P-waves.

A

travels faster through solids, liquids, and gas.

50
Q

define S-waves.

A

travels slower and can only travel in solids.`

51
Q

is 2,250 km thick and consists of iron and nickel.

A

outer core

52
Q

has a radius of 1,300 km and its temperature reaches to about 5,000 degrees celcius.

A

inner core

53
Q

what are the 7 continental plates?

A

south and northern american plates, african plate, pacific plate, indo-australian plate, eurasian plate and antarctic plate.

54
Q

what does the big bang theory say?

A

the universe was formed 13.7 billion years ago with a small dot that kept on expanding

55
Q

what are the four terrestrial planets?

A

mercury, Venus, earth and mars

56
Q

what are the gas giants planets?

A

jupiter and saturn

57
Q

which planets were the ice giants?

A

uranus and neptune

58
Q

which planet had the iconic Great red spot?

A

jupiter

59
Q

which planet had 83 moons?

A

Saturn

60
Q

which planet is the coldest?

A

Neptune

61
Q

Define atoms.

A

The basic unit of matter and chemical element, the smallest molecule of an element, the building blocks of all elements and molecules.

62
Q

Atoms are made up of even smaller particles called…

A

Subatomic particles

63
Q

atoms are made up of..

A

protons, neutrons and electrons

64
Q

protons are (negatively, positively) charged

A

positively charged

65
Q

neutrons are..

A

neutral, meaning no charge at all

66
Q

The electron shells closest to the nucleus are called..

A

ground state

67
Q

The electrons in the outermost part of the shell are called…

A

Excited state

68
Q

In 400 BC, who first called it the “atoms” or “atomos”, meaning “uncuttable or undivided”?

A

Democritus

69
Q

These two scientists found out that certain pure substances can be broken down further through chemical reactions.

A

Antoine Lavoisier and Marie-Anne Paulze

70
Q

define electron configuration.

A

the distribution of electrons within the orbitals of an atom of an element,

71
Q

what are the numbers of the orbital sublevels S, P, D and F?

A

s = 2, p = 6, d = 10, and f = 14

72
Q

what is ionic bond?

A

It is a chemical bond that happens between a metal and a non-metal atoms. A metal gives up a number of electrons and transfers it to a non-metal element to achieve stability.

73
Q

what is an ion?

A

an atom or molecule with a positive or a negative charge.

74
Q

what are the two types of ions?

A

Cation and anion

75
Q

define cation.

A

a positively charged electron

76
Q

define anion.

A

a negatively charged electron

77
Q

what is a valence electron?

A

the number of electrons in the outermost energy level

78
Q

what are the two types of ionic bonds?

A

Covalent and metallic bonds

79
Q

define a covalent bond.

A

a bond that occurs between two non-metallic atoms with similar electronegativity to share.

80
Q

define a metallic bond.

A

a bond between two metallic ions.

81
Q

what are the four types of covalent bond?

A

Single covalent bond, double covalent bond, polar covalent bond and non-polar covalent bond.

82
Q

what is the difference between single and double covalent bond?

A

single covalent bond shares a pair of electrons, while a double covalent bond shares two pairs of electrons.

83
Q

what is the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds?

A

Non-polar covalent bonds shared electrons equally, while polar covalent bonds shared electrons unequally.

84
Q

what are the three types of hydrocarbons?

A

Alkane, alkene, and alkyne

85
Q

define hydrocarbon alkane.

A

a hydrocarbon with a single bond

86
Q

define hydrocarbon alkene.

A

a hydrocarbon with double bonds

87
Q

define hydrocarbon alkyne

A

a hydrocarbon with triple bond

88
Q

what are hydrocarbons?

A

an organic compound that consists of hydrogen and carbon

89
Q

what is matter?

A

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

90
Q

what are the two categories of matter?

A

pure substances and mixtures

91
Q

what are the states of matter?

A

Solids, Liquid and gas

92
Q

what are two categories of mixtures

A

homogeneous and heterogeneous

93
Q

what are two categories of pure substances?

A

elements and compounds

94
Q

any substance that is composed of two or more different kinds of elements are called..

A

compounds

95
Q

this matter has definite shape and volume

A

solid

96
Q

this matter has definite volume but no shape

A

liquid

97
Q

this matter has no definite shape and volume

A

gases

98
Q

define velocity.

A

the measure of change of position over time

99
Q

define acceleration.

A

the change of meters per second

100
Q

distance with direction is called..

A

Displacement

101
Q

define force.

A

a push or pull upon an object from its interaction with another object that causes it to move and gain acceleration

102
Q

what are the two kinds of forces?

A

contact force and non-contact force

103
Q

what is a scalar quantity? give one example.

A

A scalar quantity is a quantity that are fully described by a magnitude or numerical value but with no direction. Ex. temperature, mass, energy, distance, speed, density.

104
Q

what is a vector quantity? give one example.

A

A vector quantity is a quantity that are fully described by both a magnitude and direction. ex. force, velocity, acceleration, displacement, momentum.

105
Q

what is uniform motion?

A

a motion that is constant

106
Q

what is a non-uniform motion?

A

a motion that is not constant

107
Q

what are the types of plate boundaries?

A

convergent, divergent and transform

108
Q

divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts, eventually becoming…

A

rift valleys

109
Q

these plates slides or grinds past each other without converging or diverging.

A

transform fault boundaries

110
Q

__________ is a zone where plates collide.

A

Convergent plate boundaries

111
Q

convergent boundaries slides beneath each other, a process known as….

A

subduction

112
Q

what are the three types of convergent boundaries?

A

oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, continental-continental

113
Q

oceanic and oceanic convergence produces..

A

islands and volcanoes

114
Q

oceanic and continental convergence forms..

A

volcanic island arcs

115
Q

when two continental plates converge, they smash together and create..

A

mountain ranges

116
Q

when the seafloor spreads ___________ forms.

A

mid-ocean ridges

117
Q

divergent plate boundaries mostly happen under the ocean creating…

A

rift valleys

STEM basic topics for Entrance Exam (7 decks)

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