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STEM basic topics for Entrance Exam > Enhanced Biology > Flashcards

Enhanced Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Meristematic cells are cells—

A

the plant uses to grow

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2
Q

This plant cells performs most pf the photosynthesis, offers energy and nutrient storage and performs nutrient transport.

A

Perenchyma Cells

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3
Q

The plant cell collenchyma does—

A

the backup system for the plant.

They also contribute to photosynthesis and nutrient storage but;

most importantly, they provide flexible structure.

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4
Q

This plant cell are dead cells that are found in parts of the plant that are no longer growing.

A

Sclerenchyma Cells

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5
Q

These are made up of polymerese, built in small repeating units called nucleotides.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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6
Q

If we link the nucleotides together, then we’ll get a—-

A

Polynucleotide

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7
Q

A DNA nucleotide is made up of —

A

sugar (Deoxyribose), phosphate, 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases

its a double helix with two phosphate groups

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8
Q

The RNA nucleotide is made up of —

A

Sugar (Ribose), phosphte, and 1 of 3 nitrogenous bases

A single helix, replacing thymine with URACIL instead

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9
Q

DNA replication

(Blank) is an enzyme that uwinds and separates the parallel pairs of a double helix.

A

Helicase

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10
Q

DNA Replication

The point where the splitting starts is called—-

A

the replication fork

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11
Q

DNA Replication

after division, there will be two strands called — top strand and the bottom strand also known as——

A

(top) leading strand, (bottom) lagging strand

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12
Q

DNA Replication

This is an enzyme that creates a short RNA segment, known as a primer, which serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.

A

RNA primase

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13
Q

DNA Replication

This enzyme creates the rest of the DNA molecules and assembles the nucelotides.

This also proofreads

A

DNA polymerase

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14
Q

DNA Replication

This is an enzyme that joins the finished fragments of nucelotides.

A

DNA Ligase

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15
Q

DNA Replication

this is a fragment in the lagging strand because of its anomaly

A

Okazaki fragments

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16
Q

Protein Synthesis

A process of taking a single gene of DNA and copying it into another structure called “mRNA” (Messenger RNA)

A

Transcription

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17
Q

Protein Synthesis

A process of taking the mRNA strand and using it to produce a protein.

A

Translation

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18
Q

Protein synthesis

The RNA polymerase will unzip the gene to be copied and makes an mRNA off from the __________

The DNA strand copied

A

Template strand

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19
Q

Protein synthesis

Translation starts within the __________

A

Ribosome

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20
Q

Protein synthesis

A triplet nucleotide used to code a specific amino acid.

A

Codon

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21
Q

Protein synthesis

Transfers the needed amino acids to envy designated codon.

A

tTRNA

Transfer RNA

they have an anti-codon which are complimentary to the codon in the mRNA

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22
Q

Protein synthesis

____ are a mixture of protein and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

A

RIbosomes

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23
Q

What are the different types of RNA

A

RNA polymerase, rRNA (Ribosomal RNA), mRNA (Messenger RNA ), tRNA (Transfer RNA).

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24
Q

What are the three stages in translation?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

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25
Q

The change in a population’s inherited traits over generations.

A

Biological Evolution

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26
Q

Biological evolution

genes taht move between populations which can happen through migration.

A

geneflow

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27
Q

Biological evolution

Can be harmful, beneficial, and neutral. Sourves of changes in genetic material that can change the genes in a population.

A

Mutations

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28
Q

Biological evolutions

A change in the genetic makeup of a population due to a random chance event.

A

Genetic Drift

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29
Q

Biological evolution

The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype

A

natural selection

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30
Q

Biological evolution

what are the three evolutionary mechanisms?

A

Homologies, fossil record, and biogeography

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31
Q

Biological evolution

refers to a similarity due to a shared ancestry

A

Homology

Two types of homologies: Molecular and anatomical

molecular = compares DNA relatednes,
Anatomical = 1. homologous structures 2. vestigial structures.

Homologous structures. similar structures but different functions.
Vestigial structures. inherited from an ancestor but the structure has lost all its function.

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32
Q

Biological evolution

what are the types of homology ?

A

molecular, anatomical, and developmental

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33
Q

Biological evolution

the study of embryos and their development.

related to homology;developmental

A

embryology

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34
Q

The maintainance of the internal environment in equilibrium or in balance.

A

Homeostasis

35
Q

define the endocrine system

A

(Answers may vary = secretes hormones that regulate all the body’s activities)

36
Q

This bodily system coordinates and regualtes the body’s feedback mechanisms.

A

nervous system

37
Q

what do you call a collection of nerves?

A

neurons

38
Q

these neurons receive messages from the senses and sends it to the cecntral nervous system

A

afferent neurons

39
Q

These neurons sends messages from the central nervous system to the different parts of the body.

A

efferent neurons

40
Q

The nervous system is divided into two _____________-

A

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

CNS (brain & spinal cord), PNS (nerves & sensory)

41
Q

Enumerate the parts of a neuron

A

Mitochondria, nucleus, cell body, dendrites, myelin sheath, shwann cell, synapse, and the axon terminal

Myelin sheath + node of ranvier + shwann cell = Axon

42
Q

Nervous system

a protective layer around some axons and helps speed up the signal of transmitting messages

A

myelin sheath

43
Q

Nervous system

These signal messages travle as electrical signals and as they reach the end of a neuron these are the chemicals formed.

A

Neurotransmitters

44
Q

Nervous system

These chemicals travle through the space in between neurons and other body cells.

A

Synapses

45
Q

The central nervous system

The major outer part of the brain that has two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere is further divided into sections called lobes.

Part of the brain

A

cerebrum

46
Q

The central nervous system

This part of the brain is responcible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotions, and voluntary movement.

A

cerebrum

47
Q

The central nervous system

The back part of the brain. Controls balance and fine muscle movement.

A

Cerebellum

48
Q

The central nervous system

located in the bottom of the brain and connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord.

A

Brain stem

49
Q

The central nervous system

This part of the brain is divided into three sections: midbrain, pons, and medulla. Controls the breathing, circulation, sleep.

A

Brain stem

50
Q

The central nervous system

This system is composed of several structures: amygdala, hippicampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Furthermore, responsible for hunger, thirst, temperature control, and higher mental functions like memories, and emotional responses.

A

Limbic system

The THALAMUS also serves as the relay center, where incoming and outgoing messages are handled.

51
Q

The central nervous system

Enumerate the 4 divided brain lobes.

A

Frontal lob, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.

52
Q

The central nervous system

this lobe is responsible for speech, hearing, and memory.

A

Temporal lobe

53
Q

The central nervous system

This lobe is reponsibel for processing touch, pain, temperature, and movement.

A

Perietal lobe

54
Q

The central nervous system

This lobe is responsible for cognitive functions and movement.

A

Frontal lobe

55
Q

The central nervous system

This lobe is responsible for vision.

A

occipital lobe

56
Q

The central nervous system

A watery-fluid that flows in and around the brain and the spinal that cushions both parts.

A

cerebrospinal fluid

57
Q

The central nervous system

enumerate the parts of the spinal cord.

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

58
Q

This system is made up of the rest of the body’s nerves and the sensory organs. further subdivided into two: somatic and autonomic.

A

The peripheral nervous system

59
Q

The peripheral nervous system

Is in charge of the voluntary body movements and transmits snsory messages to the central nervous system.

A

Somatic nervous system

60
Q

The peripheral nervous system

Is in charge of involuntary body functions like breathing and heartbeat.

A

Autonomic nervous system

61
Q

The peripheral nervous system

Is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response and stimulating the body to use energy

autonomic NS is further subdivided into two more parts

A

The sympathetic division

62
Q

The peripheral nervous system

Tries to consume energy by doing the “rest and digest”

autonomic NS is further subdivided into two more parts

A

Parasympathetic division

63
Q

The peripheral nervous system

The somatic nervous system is all about engaging —-

A

Reflexes

The pathway a reflex takes is called a reflex arc.

64
Q

The peripheral nervous system

reflex arcs that affect inner organs are called

A

autonomic reflex arcs

65
Q

The peripheral nervous system

Reflect arcs that affect the muscles are called

A

Somatic reflex arcs

66
Q

The reproductive system

enumerate the exteranl female genital organs

A

Mons pubis, anus, labia major, labia manor

ALL called the vulva

67
Q

The reproductive system

Produces and releases female gametes and sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone

A

Ovaries

68
Q

The reproductive system

Tiny-sac-like structures that can hold a single primary oocyte

A

Ovarian follicles

Oocyte = incomplete proto-eggs or immature eggs

69
Q

The reproductive system

A process of egg creation, in which is delayed until puberty

A

Oogenisis

70
Q

The reproductive system

The maturation of the follicle and egg. also known as ovulation.

A

Ovarian cycle

71
Q

The reproductive system

happens in the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg

A

Menstrual cycle

72
Q

The reproductive system

enumerate the layers of the uterus

A

permetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

73
Q

The reproductive system

a mature egg cell

A

ovum

74
Q

The reproductive system

responsible for making male gametes, sperm, and testosterone.

A

testicles

needs to be regulated in warm temperature

75
Q

The reproductive system

Inside a lobule, works as a sperm factory

A

Seminiferous tubule

76
Q

The reproductive system

This nourishes developing sperm cells

A

Sertoli cells

77
Q

The reproductive system

This secretes testosterone

A

leydig cells

78
Q

The reproductive system

it stores and transports the cells.

A

Epididymis

79
Q

The reproductive system

a highway-like tube that sends the sperms to the other ejaculatory ducts

A

vas deferens

80
Q

The reproductive system

Produces a majority of the fluid that makes up the semen, the first ejaculatory duct

A

Seminal vessicle/glands

81
Q

The reproductive system

produces a thick, white fluid, that mixes with the sperm to create semen.

A

prostate gland

82
Q

The reproductive system

This ejaculatory duct contributes up to 4 ml of fluid that helps for lubrication and neutralization.

A

bulbourethral gland

83
Q

The reproductive system

the tube located in the penis that leads the semen to the outside world

A

urethra

84
Q

The endocrine system

enumerate the 9 glands of te endocrine system

A

Pineal gland, Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancrease, thymus, parathyriod gland, and gonads.

STEM basic topics for Entrance Exam (7 decks)

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