Enhanced Biology Flashcards
Meristematic cells are cells—
the plant uses to grow
This plant cells performs most pf the photosynthesis, offers energy and nutrient storage and performs nutrient transport.
Perenchyma Cells
The plant cell collenchyma does—
the backup system for the plant.
They also contribute to photosynthesis and nutrient storage but;
most importantly, they provide flexible structure.
This plant cell are dead cells that are found in parts of the plant that are no longer growing.
Sclerenchyma Cells
These are made up of polymerese, built in small repeating units called nucleotides.
Deoxyribonucleic acid
If we link the nucleotides together, then we’ll get a—-
Polynucleotide
A DNA nucleotide is made up of —
sugar (Deoxyribose), phosphate, 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases
its a double helix with two phosphate groups
The RNA nucleotide is made up of —
Sugar (Ribose), phosphte, and 1 of 3 nitrogenous bases
A single helix, replacing thymine with URACIL instead
DNA replication
(Blank) is an enzyme that uwinds and separates the parallel pairs of a double helix.
Helicase
DNA Replication
The point where the splitting starts is called—-
the replication fork
DNA Replication
after division, there will be two strands called — top strand and the bottom strand also known as——
(top) leading strand, (bottom) lagging strand
DNA Replication
This is an enzyme that creates a short RNA segment, known as a primer, which serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.
RNA primase
DNA Replication
This enzyme creates the rest of the DNA molecules and assembles the nucelotides.
This also proofreads
DNA polymerase
DNA Replication
This is an enzyme that joins the finished fragments of nucelotides.
DNA Ligase
DNA Replication
this is a fragment in the lagging strand because of its anomaly
Okazaki fragments
Protein Synthesis
A process of taking a single gene of DNA and copying it into another structure called “mRNA” (Messenger RNA)
Transcription
Protein Synthesis
A process of taking the mRNA strand and using it to produce a protein.
Translation
Protein synthesis
The RNA polymerase will unzip the gene to be copied and makes an mRNA off from the __________
The DNA strand copied
Template strand
Protein synthesis
Translation starts within the __________
Ribosome
Protein synthesis
A triplet nucleotide used to code a specific amino acid.
Codon
Protein synthesis
Transfers the needed amino acids to envy designated codon.
tTRNA
Transfer RNA
they have an anti-codon which are complimentary to the codon in the mRNA
Protein synthesis
____ are a mixture of protein and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
RIbosomes
What are the different types of RNA
RNA polymerase, rRNA (Ribosomal RNA), mRNA (Messenger RNA ), tRNA (Transfer RNA).
What are the three stages in translation?
Initiation, elongation, termination
The change in a population’s inherited traits over generations.
Biological Evolution
Biological evolution
genes taht move between populations which can happen through migration.
geneflow
Biological evolution
Can be harmful, beneficial, and neutral. Sourves of changes in genetic material that can change the genes in a population.
Mutations
Biological evolutions
A change in the genetic makeup of a population due to a random chance event.
Genetic Drift
Biological evolution
The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype
natural selection
Biological evolution
what are the three evolutionary mechanisms?
Homologies, fossil record, and biogeography
Biological evolution
refers to a similarity due to a shared ancestry
Homology
Two types of homologies: Molecular and anatomical
molecular = compares DNA relatednes,
Anatomical = 1. homologous structures 2. vestigial structures.
Homologous structures. similar structures but different functions.
Vestigial structures. inherited from an ancestor but the structure has lost all its function.
Biological evolution
what are the types of homology ?
molecular, anatomical, and developmental
Biological evolution
the study of embryos and their development.
related to homology;developmental
embryology
The maintainance of the internal environment in equilibrium or in balance.
Homeostasis
define the endocrine system
(Answers may vary = secretes hormones that regulate all the body’s activities)
This bodily system coordinates and regualtes the body’s feedback mechanisms.
nervous system
what do you call a collection of nerves?
neurons
these neurons receive messages from the senses and sends it to the cecntral nervous system
afferent neurons
These neurons sends messages from the central nervous system to the different parts of the body.
efferent neurons
The nervous system is divided into two _____________-
the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
CNS (brain & spinal cord), PNS (nerves & sensory)
Enumerate the parts of a neuron
Mitochondria, nucleus, cell body, dendrites, myelin sheath, shwann cell, synapse, and the axon terminal
Myelin sheath + node of ranvier + shwann cell = Axon
Nervous system
a protective layer around some axons and helps speed up the signal of transmitting messages
myelin sheath
Nervous system
These signal messages travle as electrical signals and as they reach the end of a neuron these are the chemicals formed.
Neurotransmitters
Nervous system
These chemicals travle through the space in between neurons and other body cells.
Synapses
The central nervous system
The major outer part of the brain that has two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere is further divided into sections called lobes.
Part of the brain
cerebrum
The central nervous system
This part of the brain is responcible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotions, and voluntary movement.
cerebrum
The central nervous system
The back part of the brain. Controls balance and fine muscle movement.
Cerebellum
The central nervous system
located in the bottom of the brain and connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord.
Brain stem
The central nervous system
This part of the brain is divided into three sections: midbrain, pons, and medulla. Controls the breathing, circulation, sleep.
Brain stem
The central nervous system
This system is composed of several structures: amygdala, hippicampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Furthermore, responsible for hunger, thirst, temperature control, and higher mental functions like memories, and emotional responses.
Limbic system
The THALAMUS also serves as the relay center, where incoming and outgoing messages are handled.
The central nervous system
Enumerate the 4 divided brain lobes.
Frontal lob, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.
The central nervous system
this lobe is responsible for speech, hearing, and memory.
Temporal lobe
The central nervous system
This lobe is reponsibel for processing touch, pain, temperature, and movement.
Perietal lobe
The central nervous system
This lobe is responsible for cognitive functions and movement.
Frontal lobe
The central nervous system
This lobe is responsible for vision.
occipital lobe
The central nervous system
A watery-fluid that flows in and around the brain and the spinal that cushions both parts.
cerebrospinal fluid
The central nervous system
enumerate the parts of the spinal cord.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
This system is made up of the rest of the body’s nerves and the sensory organs. further subdivided into two: somatic and autonomic.
The peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system
Is in charge of the voluntary body movements and transmits snsory messages to the central nervous system.
Somatic nervous system
The peripheral nervous system
Is in charge of involuntary body functions like breathing and heartbeat.
Autonomic nervous system
The peripheral nervous system
Is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response and stimulating the body to use energy
autonomic NS is further subdivided into two more parts
The sympathetic division
The peripheral nervous system
Tries to consume energy by doing the “rest and digest”
autonomic NS is further subdivided into two more parts
Parasympathetic division
The peripheral nervous system
The somatic nervous system is all about engaging —-
Reflexes
The pathway a reflex takes is called a reflex arc.
The peripheral nervous system
reflex arcs that affect inner organs are called
autonomic reflex arcs
The peripheral nervous system
Reflect arcs that affect the muscles are called
Somatic reflex arcs
The reproductive system
enumerate the exteranl female genital organs
Mons pubis, anus, labia major, labia manor
ALL called the vulva
The reproductive system
Produces and releases female gametes and sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone
Ovaries
The reproductive system
Tiny-sac-like structures that can hold a single primary oocyte
Ovarian follicles
Oocyte = incomplete proto-eggs or immature eggs
The reproductive system
A process of egg creation, in which is delayed until puberty
Oogenisis
The reproductive system
The maturation of the follicle and egg. also known as ovulation.
Ovarian cycle
The reproductive system
happens in the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg
Menstrual cycle
The reproductive system
enumerate the layers of the uterus
permetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
The reproductive system
a mature egg cell
ovum
The reproductive system
responsible for making male gametes, sperm, and testosterone.
testicles
needs to be regulated in warm temperature
The reproductive system
Inside a lobule, works as a sperm factory
Seminiferous tubule
The reproductive system
This nourishes developing sperm cells
Sertoli cells
The reproductive system
This secretes testosterone
leydig cells
The reproductive system
it stores and transports the cells.
Epididymis
The reproductive system
a highway-like tube that sends the sperms to the other ejaculatory ducts
vas deferens
The reproductive system
Produces a majority of the fluid that makes up the semen, the first ejaculatory duct
Seminal vessicle/glands
The reproductive system
produces a thick, white fluid, that mixes with the sperm to create semen.
prostate gland
The reproductive system
This ejaculatory duct contributes up to 4 ml of fluid that helps for lubrication and neutralization.
bulbourethral gland
The reproductive system
the tube located in the penis that leads the semen to the outside world
urethra
The endocrine system
enumerate the 9 glands of te endocrine system
Pineal gland, Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancrease, thymus, parathyriod gland, and gonads.
