engr350

Question 2

What is cyberethics?

Answer 2

Cyberethics is the study of social, legal and moral issues and the impact they have on cybertechnology.

Question 3

4 phases of cybertechnology (phase 1)

Answer 3

Computing technology was in its infancy,Computers were huge and unconnected.

Question 4

4 phases of cybertechnology (phase 2)

Answer 4

Computers were used as communication devices, First privately owned networks – computers can now be linked together.

Question 5

4 phases of cybertechnolog (phase 3)

Answer 5

The World Wide Web has become commonplace,As such, the general public is now “connected” all the time.

Question 6

4 phases of cybertechnology (phase 4)

Answer 6

“Social Networking” makes up 1 of every 5 minutes spent online,Computers are now becoming more and more a part of us (on our clothes, in our bodies…)

Question 7

3 perspective of applied ethics:

Answer 7

Professional EthicsPhilosophical EthicsSociological Ethics

Question 8

Professional Ethics:

Answer 8

aims to identify and analyze issues of ethical responsibility for professionals in a field of study.

Question 9

Philosophical Ethics:

Answer 9

uses a 3-part system called the “standard methodology” to propose solutions to more difficult ethical issues.

Question 10

Sociological Ethics:

Answer 10

aims to describe particular moral systems and report how societies, groups and individuals view a particular moral issue.

Question 11

Name some disciplines associated with professional ethics:

Answer 11

Computer Science,Engineering,Library/Information Science.

Question 12

Name some disciplines associated with philosophical issues:

Answer 12

Philosophy, Law.

Question 13

Name some disciplines associated with sociological issues:

Answer 13

Sociology,Behavioral sciences.

Question 14

What are the 3 types of errors and failures?

Answer 14

Problems for individuals,System Failures,Safety-Critical Issues.

Question 15

What is a Professional Error? (Give an example of a professional error)

Answer 15

Professional errors inconvenience individuals or groups of individuals. Example: Woman received $6.3 million electric bill.

Question 16

What is a System Failure? (Give an example of a system failure)

Answer 16

Professional errors that cause either partial or complete failures and affect large numbers of people/cost huge sums of money. Example: $125 million Mars Climate Orbiter disappeared when it should have gone into orbit around Mars.

Question 17

What is a Safety-Critical Failure? (Give an example of a Safety-Critical failure)

Answer 17

Professional errors that have the potential to injure or kill people. Example: Radar System installed by Navy to monitor airspace around them accidentally shot down a passenger jet due to poor design and errors in calculation.

Question 18

Name the 3 fault types:

Answer 18

Responsibility, Liability,Accountability.

Question 19

Responsibility assumes _______ or _______. Focuses on ________. Guilt but ____________.

Answer 19

blame or fault,individuals,no legal punishment.

Question 20

Liability assumes ________ or ________. Focuses on __________. No _________ but __________.

Answer 20

NO blame or fault,groups of people,guilt but sometimes legal punishment.

Question 21

Accountability assumes _________ or _________. Focuses on ________ or _________. Guilt _________.

Answer 21

blame or fault, individuals or groups,and legal punishment.

Question 22

Name the 3 types of privacy:

Answer 22

Accessibility,Decisional, Informational.

Question 23

Accessibility privacy (give example):

Answer 23

speaks to harm that can be caused through physical access to a person or their possessions (i.e. Residence as a private space).

Question 24

Decisional Privacy (give example):

Answer 24

speaks to an individual’s freedom to non-interference. (i.e. Contraception, abortion, other “personal” issues).

Question 25

Informational Privacy (give example):

Answer 25

speaks to harm that can be caused through access to and control over personal information (i.e. personal information as private information)

Question 26

What are 3 ways data privacy can be threatened?

Answer 26

Data mining,Data matching,Data merging.

Question 27

Data Mining is (give example of good/bad):

Answer 27

Combining and comparing data, then identifying non-obvious trends from it. (Good: ? Bad: figuring out if people are away from their homes.)

Question 28

Data Matching is (give example of good/bad):

Answer 28

Comparing data from multiple sources to search for matches or “hits” among those sources. (Good: list of suspects, match name with existing list. Bad: stops people from going to wikileaks)

Question 29

Data Merging is (give example of good/bad):

Answer 29

Combining data from multiple sources to identify individual records or groups of individual records. (Good: Cell phone data for google maps. Bad: two different bobs and one may not have herpes)

Question 30

What is Hacktivism and what do hacktivists seek? (give an example of hacktivism)

Answer 30

Hacktivism is “political hacking”, hacktivists seek to promote their political cause. (i.e. disrupting normal operations of a website or web service but without causing major damages).

Question 31

What is Civil Disobedience?

Answer 31

Civil Disobedience is willingly and actively refusing to obey laws through nonviolent resistance.

Question 32

What are some problems hacktivism creates?

Answer 32

1. compromises personal information2. collateral damage on other websites hosted on the same server.3. financial repercussions.

Question 33

What is CyberTerrorism and who typically performs CyberTerrorism?

Answer 33

Political hacking intended to cause “grave harm”. Typically performed by “non-state actors” to try and intimidate a government or society by fear or force.

Question 34

How to we come to make ethical conclusions, how do we decide what is right or wrong?

Answer 34

1. society influence2. culture3. laws/rules4. religion

Question 35

What’s the problem with how we decide what is right or wrong?

Answer 35

Most of ethical conclusions originated from people, ethnocentrism, cultural differences, and fail to cover everything.

Question 36

What is Deontology?

Answer 36

right is always right, wrong is always wrong, no wiggle room. Values intrinsic values.

Question 37

What is the problem with Deontology?

Answer 37

Allows no wiggle room. Takes away from individual rights.

Question 38

What is Utilitarianism?

Answer 38

Focuses on consequences, if ends justify the means.

Question 39

What is the problem with Utilitarianism?

Answer 39

Can take away individual right, cannot know the consequences.

Question 40

What is social contract theory?

Answer 40

Universally accepted within groups as “good.” Mutual benefit. Negative/positive rights.

Question 41

What is a positive right? (give example)

Answer 41

something that requires somebody to do something, for you to get that right. (i.e. Voting, requires people to set it up. Requires some participation from society)

Question 42

What is a negative right? (give example)

Answer 42

Something that shouldn’t be interfered with. If no one impedes upon the right, the right still exists. (i.e. Free speech, you can say what you want if no one interferes)