English Language: Varieties Flashcards
Who created the deference model?
Robin Lakoff
What features did the deference model refer to?
Hedges, superpolitness and hypercorrectness
Who criticized the deference model?
Dubois and Crouch
What did Dubois and Crouch say about the deference model?
Men also use a lot of these features
Who created the dominance model?
Zimmerman and West
What did the dominance model discuss?
Looked at dominance through turn taking, overlaps are seen as violations of the turn taking process, interruptions are far more common with men
They also identified delayed minimal responses in their study, where a speaker gives an answer after a pause
Who criticized the dominance model?
Eakens and Eakens
What did Eakens and Eakens say in their criticism of the dominance model?
Status is determined as well as gender
What did Pamela Fishman say about tag questions?
Women use the tag question y’know 5 times more than men do to try and stimulate a response
Who looked at shibboleths?
Alan Ross
What did Alan Ross say about shibboleths?
Found that the middle class attempted to sound higher class through lexical choices that he named shibboleths
Speakers wrongly chose pretentious or euphemistic words over the one’s which seemed working class
The upper class used U-terms; the middle class used non U-terms
For instance, the non-U word would be cemetery, but the U-term would be graveyard
Who did the Norwich study?
Peter Trudgill
What did the Norwich study discuss?
Studied the final constanant in words such as walking or running
In standard English, /ng/ is a velar nasal, but the /n/ sound is an alveolar nasal, this is called g-dropping
What does MUE stand for?
Multicultural Urban English
MUE
Comes from different ethnic backgrounds, ranging from English, to Turkish, to Arabic and many others
Used by a lot of young people
Lexical: ‘bare’ means a lot of
Would say ask as a:ks
British Legal Lexis
‘Voir Dire’ to tell the truth
This must be a specific restricted lexis to exclude non-lawyers, and to be completely precise
What did Janet Holmes say about tag questions?
Identified speaker orientated and addressee orientated tag questions
Contrasting to Lakoff’s claims, she found that men and women used the exact same number of tag questions
