English Colonization Flashcards
Protestant reformation in England
German Monk- Martin Luther attacked church accusing it of corruption
His attack marked the beginning of Protestant reformation
He was expelled from Catholic Church but his idea spread
Anglican Church
King Henry’s wife wasn’t giving him a son- he wanted a divorce but the pope refused to give him a divorce
King Henry decides that he backs the Anglican Church
He becomes head of it
Puritans
Didn’t like Catholic Church
Believed in electing their own church officials
Joint- stock companies
Pooled the money of many investors which enabled the company to raise large amounts of money for big projects
Made English merchants be able to afford to trade with , and colonize other parts of the world without government financing
Economic changes in England
Enclosure movement- realized that they would make more money raising sheep than having farmers on estate
Kicked off tenants and raise sheep= wool
Resulted in lots of homeless people- get sent to America for a new opportunity
Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Raleigh
Gilbert- English soldier got a charter from Queen to make colony in America
He failed twice and then he died
Raleigh- got new charter from Queen Elizabeth
Roanoke (include date)
Was located in the outer banks of North Carolina
1585- Raleigh drops off 100 men in Roanoke he returns to England
- in winter 100 men return to England because there was no food
- Raleigh brings 91 men 17 women 9 children to Roanoke
- appoints John White as governor - he goes back to England for supplies when he returns 3 years later no one was there “ CRO” was engraved on a tree
Problems with Roanoke
- They were attacked by Native American (Croatans)
2. Went to look for food left the colony either assimilated or died
Jamestown
-Founded in honor of King
-near James river so it was called Jamestown
- funded by the Virginia Company
–> a bunch of English investors got a charter from the king to plant colonies in Virginia
–> they had fish and animals but we’re lazy
1. Refuse to do manual labor
2. Fighting in government
3. Malaria
4. Lawlessness
5. Sickness and food shortages
1606- Virginia company sent 3 ships and 144 men to Virginia- founding date of Jamestown
1607- Smith explored the region around Jamestown and started trading with the Native American
1608- 200 new settlers came but by the end of the year only 53 left-> if not for John Smith those would have also died
1609- 400 new settlers came but there’s not enough food so they ate rats dogs dig up corps….
Then the Native American attacked them in the winter of 1609 –> the starving time
1610- population decreased to 60
–> decided to move colony upstream and establish new towns - met ships with 150 new settlers and supplies
By 1618- Jamestown was a series of colonies along the James river
Powhatan confederacy
John Smith started trading with them in Jamestown
–> this trade that helped the colony through these 2 winters
Lord de la Warr Thomas West
Virginia company was frustrated with the hardships of Jamestown so they appointed new governor
–> Thomas West- Lord De La Warr
–> to entice settlers, the colony offered land to anyone who worked for the colony for 7 years
1609- 400 new settlers came because of this
Thomas Dale changes colony
Organized work gangs
- everyone had to work 6 hours/ day
- private cultivation- own your own land and you get profits from it
1 month of work u get 3 acres of land and 2 1/2 barrels of corn
John Rolfe
Starts to grow tobacco
- -> he came up with a new curing method and he undercut Mexican prices
- -> sends it to England
Tobacco in Virginia
Jamestown finally making a profit
–> establish house of burgesses
–> have delegates from each of the 10 towns
Have a say in government
Head rights
To entice new settlers to Virginia the Virginia Company introduced headrights
–> settlers who bought a share in the company or paid for passage got 50 acres of land for each family member over 15 years plus slaves
Jamestown
Problems leading to royal colony
The new policies- huge amounts of people came to settle- Native Americans didn’t like it- they attacked Jamestown
–> King James wanted to put an end so became Royal colony
Maryland proprietary colony
Lord Baltimore- George Calvert converted to Catholic - so he lost his job
- he wanted to found a colony where Catholics could practice their religion
Plymouth bay colony (include date)
Founded in 1620
- was q proprietary colony some of the puritans (separatists) wanted to separate from the Anglican Church the King (James) persecuted them and put them in prison some of the puritans still worked in the church
- but when King Charles came he really didn’t like puritans so they fled to holland but they didn’t want their children to marry Dutch girls so they went back to England and joined the separatists who had a charter from the King to establish colony –> Plymouth/ Massachusetts
Mayflower Compact
Supposed to settle near Jamestown but storms on the way so they turn around and head towards cape cod- before they got off the ship they signed the “mayflower compact”- to tell the King that they are not rebelling and it’s only a temporary settlement
Pilgrims
The people who settled in Massachusetts
Massachusetts bay colony
- John Winthrop was a stockholder there
- established Massachusetts and Boston
William Bradford
Signed the mayflower compact
Squanto
Squanto (North American) helped them learn about the new environment
- -> helped them negotiate a peace treaty with Wampanoag people
- -> next year they joined them to celebrate Thanksgiving
John Winthrop
Already had a royal charter to establish a colony in New England
–> he saw that there was no future for the puritans in England
So he decided to establish the land for these 2 reasons
–> Boston was established
Massachusetts bay company
- John Winthrop was a stockholder there
- established Massachusetts and Boston
Church and state in Massachusetts
People who owned stocks in the Massachusetts Bay Company were called freeman
- -> all the freeman together Martha General court
- -> made the laws and elected government
Great migration in Massachusetts
When many puritans left because of John Winthrop
Heretics
People who believed in different religions/ religious beliefs than the one that’s accepted by majority
–> were considered a threat to the community
Rhode Island and providence plantations
1631- Roger Williams arrived in Boston
–> believed that puritans should be separate from the Anglican Church–> this angered many people
–> he moved to Plymouth then back
October 1635- general court ordered him to leave the colony
- he headed south to found his own colony- Providence where the government had no authority over religious matters
Roger Williams
one of the leaders
Pilgrims went to work as soon as they got there- built houses…
But plague swept through the colony leaving only 53 settlers
Thomas Hooker/ COnnecticut
- he wants ALL men not just the church officials to have a say in government
- he wants land for him and his followers
Hooker’s disagreements with Massachusetts
he was frustrated with the political system in Massachusetts
- also believed that everyone should have a say in government
- land for him and his followers
Fundamental orders of Connecticut
the first written constitution of Americas colonies
Pequot Indians
lived east of Connecticut river
- ->at first the Pequot chief - Sassacus- tolerated the English settlers- because they had a common enemy
- -> but then the Pequot began raiding the towns along the Connecticut river
- -> many Indians were captured and sold into slavery
New Hampshire
Ferdinand Gorges and John Mason received a charter from the king
Mason took the southern part and named it New Hampshire
Maine
Gorges took the Northern part and named it Maine
Dispute between Maine and Massachusetts
Massachusetts claimed both New Hampshire and Maine and challenged the claims of Gorges and Mason in court
- -> 2 years later New Hampshire became a royal colony
- -> Maine remained with Massachusetts until 1820
New York
originally founded by Dutch- New Netherlands
1660- King Charles decided he wanted New Netherlands
–> grants it to his brother- James- Duke of York
used 4 warships and seized the land he renamed it New York
New Jersey
founded by 2 of the kings advisers- George Carteret and John Berkeley
–>named it New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Admiral William Penn loaned king Charles ships. He died before the king could repay him. so king Charles gave his son William Penn his estate and $ he owed him
- -> William Penn asked for a Quaker land instead- believed that people had an individual spirituality
- -> this would get them into problems in other colonies
- -> they were also pacifists-they believe that war is never a way to settle something
consciences objector- will not fight because of religion/morals.
Holy experiment
in exchange for land and $ Penn got land in America –> as a “holy experiment”- complete political and religious freedom
–> also Native Americans had been treated unjustly
Delaware
William Penn bought the county south of Pennsylvania and named it Delaware
North Carolina
Farmers migrated from Virginia and established it in 1730
South Carolina
Settlers though it would be good for sugarcane also went to capture Native Americans and shipped them to the Caribbean
–> named their settlement Charles town (Charleston) after King Charles
Georgia
James Oglethorpe
many poor people were in prison because they couldn’t pay their debt- place to start over for criminals and poor people
Social hierarchy in south and northern cities
see notes
Economies of colonies
see notes
Slavery in North vs. South
South:
- 10-500 slaves per household
- lived in small huts near the fields that they worked
- they had brutal work- from sunrise to sunset 7 days a week
- sometimes they would give slaves holidays off
- were allowed to marry and have children
- allowed to have a social life
North:
- 1-2 slaves per household
- lived in the family’s house in a little attic or bedroom
- they tended to the garden, house work, help with the kids
- not allowed to get married or have kids if they did they were beaten
Society in the colonies
see notes
John Cabot
King Henry VII sent him to see America
Wanted a western route to Asia
