English Civil War Flashcards
Definition 2 of civil war
A war between political factions or regions within the same country
Background of James VI of Scotland
1567-1625
And James I of England (1603-1625)
James was king of Scotland England and Ireland
There were arguments over money power and religion during his reign
In 1625 his son Charles became King
Background if Charles I
1625-1649
In 1642 a civil war broke out between Charles and parliament. Charles lost the war and was executed in 1649
Charles II background
1660-1685
1658 was when Oliver Cromwell died and 2 years later Charles II was welcomed back as King
Soon however he became unpopular. He argued with his parliament over power money and religion
James II background
James was Charles II brother and a catholic
He was as unpopular as Charles II
Parliament decided to replace him
In 1688 they asked William of Orange to be King of England
William III background
1688-1702
Parliament made William and his wife Mary joint ruler in 1688
They made it against the law for a catholic to inherit the throne
Parliament was to control taxes and the King was to be incharge of the army
What was Mary and William III relationship
They were married
Mary background
1688-1694
Mary ruled with William until her death in 1694
Anne background
1702-1714
Mary Anne and who
James
List some facts about the puritans
They were very religious
They liked reading the bible
They wore dark clothes
They disliked, dancing, singing and drinking on Sunday’s
The puritans demands:
-they felt Church of England was too like Roman Catholic Church. So they wanted
They wanted to get rid of; archbishop laud was head of church if England and puritans were suspicious that he and King Charles were secret Roman Catholics
Who were the puritans
They were very strict (extreme) types of Protestants who were around in the 16th and 17th centuries
They believe that the church had become corrupt and sinful
They wanted to purify religion by using the bible as the word of law on earth
Charles money problem in 1629-40
Charles I rules without Parliament but he needs money
Charles other money problem in 1629-40
Charles I spends large sums of money on himself, he likes paintings and expensive clothes
Charles money problem in 1639
The scots attack England because they do not like the religious changes: Charles has no army or money to fight
Charles money problem in 1635
Charles needs a lot of money. He makes people pay a special tax called ship money those who refuse are out in prison
Charles religion problem in 1625-49
Like James I, Charles I believes that kings get their power from God and must be obeyed
Charles other religion problem in 1625-49
Charles I is married to henrietta Maria.
She is Catholic
There are rumours Catholics will take over
Charles religion problem in 1633
Charles I makes William laud the Archbishop of Canterbury, laud does not like puritans
Charles religion problem in 1633-40
Laud changes church of England services. He introduces the statues, music and candles the puritans hate
Charles religion problem in 1637
Lauds changes are forced on the Scottish church. Many scots are puritans
Charles Parliament problem in 1640
Charles I has to call Parliament to ask for money to fight the scots
Why did a civil war start in England
For a number of reasons ranging from money to Parliament
Charles and Parliament fell out for different reasons but the main one was money
Charles asked Parliament for money to fight but they refused as he spends it on him self
Charles is also married to a catholic so there is rumours Catholics will take over
So then after all of this stuff a civil war broke
Definition 1 of civil war
A war between citizens of the same country
Background events to civil war
- the King refuses to work with Parliament 1629
- Parliament is critical of the queen who is French and R.C
- the King is also King of Scotland and annoys the scots by trying to ban Presbyterianism there
- money has to be spent on calming down the scots
1642 crisis
- 1640, Charles was short of cash so he had recalled Parliament and demanded money
- Parliament had not been allowed to operate for 11 years. It was angry at the King and let him know it
- 1642 Charles was angry because it criticised him. He decided to arrest the ring leaders
- Pym, hampden, Cromwell were all to be arrested
When did Charles recall Parliament and demand money
1640
What year did Charles decide to arrest the ring leaders
1642
Royalists
- many noblemen
- most Catholics
- supporters of the Anglican Church-this included people from all social classes
- many country people
- the Irish
Parliamentarians
- puritans
- the navy
- scots Presbyterians
- merchants
- most of the people who loved in large cities and towns
What were split by the conflict
The country was split into 2 towns, villages and even families were split
Royalists supported the King
The established church
Many noblemen
Most Catholics who thought the puritans would be even more opposed to them
Gaelic Irish and old english in Ireland who fear the puritans and hoped to get their land back
Roundheads supported Parliament
Puritan MP’s
Scottish Presbyterians
Many who lived in large English cities including London
The navy
Gentlemen, merchants and towns people who resented the nobles
Key battles:
1642
The royalists had some early success. At the battle of edge hill the Kings cavalry won
Key battles:
1643
The first battle of Newbury
Key battles:
1644
Cromwell wins at marston moor. At the end of 1644 the NEW MODEL ARMY was formed
Key battles:
1645
Battle of naseby, royalists suffered heavy losses
Key battles:
1646
The King surrenders to the Scottish army
Key battles:
1647
The King refuses to accept parliaments proposal
Key battles:
1649
The King is finally out on trial and condemned to death as a tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy
Was it a war fought by gentlemen in find clothes:
SUPPLIES
Both sides were short of money and supplies
At York in 1644 the royalists captured 4000 pairs of boots left behind by the parliamentarians
Many royalists were fighting barefoot
After battle of marston moor, royalists drank out of ditches
Besieged towns suffered most, at Colchester people were made to eat rotten carcasses were of slain cavalry horses
A dead lap dog was sold for 6 shillings
Was it a war fought by gentlemen in find clothes:
WEAPONS
there were soldiers on both sides who went into battles only armed win pitch forks or heavy sticks
One ounce bullets fired at close left exit wounds the size of dinner plates
Was it a war fought by gentlemen in find clothes:
UNIFORM
Many soldiers were not in uniform. At marston moor in 1644 fairfax made his parliamentarians wear a white card in their hat bags. When he found himself surrounded by royalists during the battle, he removed his white marked and ride back to his own lines
Was it a war fought by gentlemen in find clothes:what did fairfax make the parliamentarians wear in their hatbands
A white card
Was it a war fought by gentlemen in find clothes:
DISORDERLY BEHAVIOUR
- drunken fights were common among soldiers on brig sides
- a town was destroyed after a royalist fight
- at naseby Cromwell victorious men killed 100 women
- both sides lofted captured towns and private houses
- parliamentarians cut off the legs of clergymans horses
- in Birmingham royalist soldiers terrified the women, stole anything of value and set every street on fire
Was it a war fought by gentlemen in find clothes:
INJURIES
- royalist prisoners of war were sold as slaves. They were marched barefoot to Bristol. Those who fainted in the ride were shot.
- casualties were heavy. After naseby 4550 bodies were buried where they lay
- 100,000 men were killed in action in the civil war. Many more died from wounds, sickness and hunger
Weapons in Civil war list advantage and disadvantage:
Musket
Advantages
Used for their sharp blunt ends in melee combat
Disadvantage Fire once a minute Exceeded 50 metres Had to be placed on a stand to fire them Slow and inaccurate
Weapons in Civil war list advantage and disadvantage:
Cavalry
Advantages Favoured unit Suitable grounds for this type of weapon Could move quickly Change position of attack
Disadvantages
Difficult to find a man who could handle and fight
Had to ride with one hand so easy to fall off
Weapons in Civil war list advantage and disadvantage:
Cannon
Advantages
Large shots
Had a longer range than muskets
Could inflict heavy damage
Disadvantages
Large
Bulky
Very slow firing
Misfire is more dangerous than a musket misfire
Cannon fire could rarely be completed more than once every 3 mins
Less useful
Weapons in Civil war list advantage and disadvantage:
Pikemen
Advantages
Good at forcing back your enemy
Useful for keeping horses away from a large group of soldiers
Disadvantages
Heavy
Too long to be used as a spear
Easy to move round and attack soldier
Key people in civil war
Charles I
DOB- November 19th 1600, Scotland
Died - 30 Jan 1649 - London
Army- royalists
Role - King; commander in chief of royalists
Key people in civil war
Prince Rupert
DOB- December 17 1619- Czech Republic:Prague
Died - Nov 29th 1682 ; west Minster London
Army- royalists
Role- commander of the royalist cavalry during the English civil war in the new model army
Key people in civil war
Oliver Cromwell
DOB- April 25th 1599 - Huntington England
Died - September 3rd 1658 - Whitehall, London
Army- parliamentarians
Role- military leader of the parliamentarians
Key people in civil war
Thomas fairfax
DOB- Jan 17, 1612, Yorkshire
Died- Nov 12 1671
Army- parliamentarians
Role- Lord general of new model army
What was the first major battle of the English civil war
Battle of edgehill- 23rd October 1642
Who began the battle of edgehill
Prince Rupert began by charging at the Roundheads, which made the Roundheads panic and split up
Who won the battle of edge hill
Neither side but Rupert became a cavalier hero
Who were badly beaten in the battle of marston moor
The cavaliers
When was the battle of edgehill
23rd October 1642
When was battle of marston moor
July 2nd 1644
In the battle of marston moor who had a new ironside cavalry
The Roundheads
In the battle of marston moor what did even prince Rupert do
Hide from the Roundhead army during battle
The city of York gave into who during the battle of marston more and what did this side now control
They gave into Parliament so the Roundheads now controlled the north of England,
By the end o the battle of marston Moor what were the two sides
Equal
Who won the battle of naseby and why
The Roundheads as Cromwell trained the new model army to fight and the royalists laughed at them but then the new model army crushed the royalist army at naseby and chased the King across England, Charles was then captured by the Scottish and given to Parliament in 1648
First reason for the King to be put to death
The King is a man of blood he started both wars
Second reason for the King to be put to death
The King was to blame for the war he should die
Third reason for the King to be put to death
The victories of Cromwells armies show that God was on his side
Fourth reason for the King to be put to death
He fought against Parliament and his own people,
Fifth reason for the King to be put to death
As long as Charles is alive there is a chance of another war
First reason why the King should be kept alive
The people don’t want to kill their King
Second reason why the King should be kept alive
There is no court that can try a King
Third reason why the King should be kept alive
He was chosen by God to be King he can’t be killed
Fourth reason why the King should be kept alive
Some of Parliament want to put the King back in power, England needs a King
Fifth reason why the King should be kept alive
England cannot survive without a King
Sixth reason why the King should be kept alive
If the Kings head is cut off with the crown upon it… What would happen, the country would be without its King
Was Charles a traitor or a martyr
Timeline
1644- Charles and royalist lose battle of marston moor
1647- Charles captured and imprisoned
1648-Charles secretly negotiates with scots and tries to escape
1649-Parliament tries Charles for treason
The events of the trial:
- Charles was put on trial on 20th of Jan 1649 in Westminster hall
- a high court of justice was set up with 135 commissioners but on the first day only 65 turned up
The charges:
- starting a war against Parliament and his people
- mistreating prisoners
Executions fixed for 30th of January and only 59 signed the warrant
1641, examining the evidence:
1641 rebellion told of massacre of thousands of settlers by rebel Irish
Why did Cromwell come to Ireland
The title Cromwell got after civil war was Lord protecter
Why did catholic Ireland pose a threat to Cromwell
Because parts of Ireland were still controlled by royalist troops
Four reasons Cromwell decided to take his army into Ireland were:
- To crush the Irish rebels
- to reward those who had supported parliament
- to defeat the supporters of the King who controlled drogheda
- to take land for payment of his soldiers wages
How many troops did Cromwell send to drogheda
10,000
Who was the English officer in command in drogheda
Sir Arthur Aston
Why didn’t the people of drogheda surrender to Cromwell
- Cromwell was an enemy of the King
- he executed the King
- they did not trust him
- if they surrendered they would be killed
The restoration
What is happening
The British monarchy is being restored
The restoration:
Charles I –> O.cromwell –> Charles II
The restoration:
How did James fall out with parliament
He kept a large army
He promoted catholic officers in the army
He tried to undo Cromwell’s work in Ireland by giving land back to R.C’s
His son (the next King) was baptised a catholic
The restoration:
What was the result of James son being baptised a catholic
He was very unpopular and many Protestant politicians did not trust him
The restoration:
King James II
Parliament took action against James and expelled him
It invited William to take the throne
William agreed to take the throne as he was fighting to catholic King of France Louis and he wanted the English armies help
Louis was James cousin
The glories revolution
When did William arrive in England
November 5th 1688 with a large army
The glories revolution
What did James do when William arrived any why
Fled to France for help
The glories revolution
Definition
This change in the way the country was to be governed took place without bloodshed and became known as the glorious revolution
The glories revolution
When was it
1688
The glories revolution what did the English Parliament do to the King and why
They overthrew the King because he had a son who was baptised a catholic
The glories revolution
Where did William move when he landed in England
London
The glories revolution
Who did James flee to France with
His wife and son
The glories revolution
When were William and his wife Mary made joint monarchs (they would rule England together)
February 1689
The glories revolution:
The bill of rights
Before William could take the crown he had to agree to a bill of right;
No Catholics could become King
Catholics were not allowed to vote
Parliament would decide the laws and taxes not King
Parliament would keep check on the army
James, William and Louis:
Grand Alliance against Louis
King Carlos of Spain
The emperor Leopold of Austria, who also ruled many of the German states
The ruler of Prussia
Ruler of Bavaria
William III, Prince of orange
Pope innocent II, who ruler parts of Italy
James, William and Louis:
Louis’ plan
To help James regain his throne by supporting him in Ireland
To keep William occupied with the fighting in Ireland for as long as possible
To use the conflict in Ireland as an advantage over the grand alliance which opposed him in Europe
James, William and Louis:
Williams plan
To send an army to Ireland to defeat James
To seek a quick victory and return to his main concern - the war in Europe against Louis
James, William and Louis:
James plan
To raise an army in Ireland with French help
To defeat williams supporters in Ireland
To use Ireland as a stepping stone to regain his throne in England
Three kings:
James II
I have the help of Louis XIV
I want to use Ireland as a stepping stone to regain my throne
I have catholic supporters in Ireland who will help me regain my throne
Three kings:
William III
I have the support of the English people because they disagree of the alliance between James II and Louis XIV
I have the support of the English Parliament because I’m Protestant
I have the support of the grand alliance
Three kings:
Louis XIV
I want France to be the most powerful kingdom in Europe
If I help James II to regain his throne then he will be my supporter
Battle of the boyne:
What was James nickname
Dismal Jimmy
Battle of the boyne:
Points about williams appearance
Hunchback
Short
Asthmatic
Marks on his face
Battle of the boyne:
James II interesting facts
He never spoke to his daughter again, after she betrayed him, by taking his throne
He was considered by many as stupid and stubborn
His supporters in Ireland called him the King with one shoe English and one show Irish
His son became known as the warming pan baby
He was married twice- first marriage he had two daughters, Mary and Anne who were both brought up Protestant
Guess the country: Louis XIV Who r u What r your aims What's your plan
Who- King of France, Pope threatened to excommunicate him
What are your aims- help James regain throne, defeat William, wants whole of Europe under his control
What your plan- help James regain it by supporting him in Ireland, to use conflict in Ireland as an advantage over the grand alliance
Guess the country James II Who r u What r your aims Your plan
Who- rightful king of England, catholic, he was wrongly ousted from the throne
Aims- to raise an army in Ireland, to use Ireland as a stepping stone to regain his throne
Plan-raise an army with French help, defeat William, get support from Louis
Guess the country William lll Who Aims Plan
Who- leader of Holland, appointed King of England
Aims- send an army to Ireland to defeat James
Plan- quick victory in Ireland
The siege of Derry:
When was it
1688-1689
The siege of Derry:
When did James arrive in Ireland
March 1689
The siege of Derry:
What were James supporters known as
Jacobites
The siege of Derry:
Williams supporters were known as…
Williamites
The siege of Derry:
What was James plan
To march north, crush the williamite supporters in Ulster, link up with Scottish Jacobites and invade England
The siege of Derry:
What was James first obstacle
The plantation town of Londonderry which had declared in favour of William
The siege of Derry:
How was Londonderry defended
By stout defensive walls and 4 main gates
The siege of Derry:
Who mainly lived in Derry
Protestant settlers
When did Ireland come to existence as a country
1921
When was the civil war
1642-1651
What is the definition of a hero
A person who is admired for their courage, outstanding achievements or noble qualities
What is the definition of a villain
A cruelly malicious person who is involved in of devoted to wickedness or crime
Reasons Oliver Cromwell was addressed as a hero
Intelligent Generous Happily married Close relationship with his family-uncle Brave Good military soldier and leader Gave up his studies to look after his sick father Considerate Founded new model army
Reasons Oliver Cromwell was addressed as a villain
Arguably bullied other commissioners into signing death warrant
3rd person to sign Charles’ death warrant
Constant opponent of Charles
Imprisoned leading leveller John Lilburne
Punished leveller women
12,000 English soldiers massacred a thirds of the population of drogheda
Shut down Parliament in 1655
Broke rules of warfare
Hated Charles
arrogant
