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English Language > English Around the World Theory > Flashcards

English Around the World Theory Flashcards

Varieties Revision

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1
Q

What do we call the countries where English is spoken as a first language?

A

An L1 country.

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2
Q

What do we call the countries where English is spoken as a second or foreign language?

A

An L2 country

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3
Q

One of the reasons why English is so widespread is because it was the language of The British _ _ _ _ _ _

A

Empire

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4
Q

What does ‘Lingua Franca’ mean?

A

A trading or contact language between many groups who don’t speak the same language.

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5
Q

Although English is spoken all over the world, the kind of English spoken is not necessarily the same as the English in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ or the same as in other countries.

A

Britain

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6
Q

Linguists now often speak about Global _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rather than Global English as there are many different varieties of English around the world.

A

Englishes

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7
Q

What does ‘airdash’ mean in India?

A

To take a sudden plane journey in response to an emergency

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8
Q

What is a ‘matrimonial’ in India?

A

A newspaper advert seeking marriage

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9
Q

What does the ‘chicken business’ mean in Singapore?

A

Prostitution

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10
Q

What does ‘by eyepower’ mean in Singapore?

A

Without effort or lazily

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11
Q

What does ‘treadies’ mean in South Africa?

A

Trainers

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12
Q

What does ‘Min Ral’ mean in South Africa?

A

Fizzy drinks

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13
Q

What is the name of Braj Kachru’s model?

A

Three Circles Model

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14
Q

Which circle, did Braj Kachru say, is made up of regions where English is used as a first language (L1)

A

The Inner Circle

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15
Q

Kachru said that L1 countries act as ‘norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ‘

A

Providers

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16
Q

L1 countries provide the standard against which all other kinds of English are?

A

Judged

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17
Q

UK, the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand are all examples of L1, L2 or L3 countries?

A

L1

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18
Q

Which circle, did Braj Kachru say, is made up of regions where English is used as a second language (L2)

A

Outer Circle

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19
Q

Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria are all examples of L1, L2 or L3 countries?

A

L2

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20
Q

Kachru said that L2 countries, such as Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria, are ‘norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’

A

Developing

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21
Q

Norm Developing countries such as Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria, are develop their own _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties.

A

Distinct

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22
Q

In the expanding circle, why is English used?

A

To communicate for purposes of business, politics and education

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23
Q

In which circle is English used for practical reasons and not for ‘cultural integration.’ (i.e. people don’t chat in it or write fiction or drama in it.)

A

The Expanding Circle

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24
Q

What do Canadians call a public toilet?

A

‘washroom’

25
Q

Countries in the Outer Circle are norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

Dependent

26
Q

Countries in which circle rely on Inner Circle Englishes to tell them what is right and wrong.

A

Expanding Circle

27
Q

How do Canadians spell ‘colour’

A

colour with a ‘u’

28
Q

How do Canadians spell ‘criticise’?

A

Criticize with a ‘z’

29
Q

In Canadian English, ‘Mary and ‘_ _ _ _ _ ‘ are homophones

A

Marry

30
Q

In Canadian English, ‘lager’ and ‘_ _ _ _ _ _ ‘ are homophones

A

Logger

31
Q

Which sound do Canadian English tend to use in the word ‘car park.’

A

The non-prevocalic /r/

32
Q

How do Canadians pronounce ‘new’

A

nju:

33
Q

Instead of petrol, Canadians say _ _ _

A

Gas

34
Q

Instead of nappy, Canadians instead say d _ _ _ _ _

A

Diaper

35
Q

What do Canadians call a mobile?

A

Cell phone

36
Q

What do Canadians call a public toilet?

A

A washroom

37
Q

What do Canadians call a ‘queue’

A

A line-up

38
Q

Canadians tend to put the adverbial ‘as well’ where in the sentence?

A

At the start of a sentence as in ‘As well I’ll go to the shop.’

39
Q

In Canadian English, ‘Yiz’ is a second person _ _ _ _ _ _ personal pronoun

A

Plural

40
Q

Canadians us ‘eh’ as what? e.g. ‘Nice day, eh.’

A

As a tag question

41
Q

British English is a _ _ _ _ _ _ - timed language

A

Stress

42
Q

Indian English is a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - timed language

A

Syllable

43
Q

A stress-timed language is when you stress the most important syllables in an utterance and _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ the rest

A

De-stress

44
Q

Indian English tends to stress all of it syllables _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

Equally

45
Q

What does ‘achaa’ mean in Indian English?

A

Good

46
Q

What does ‘bas’ mean in Indian English?

A

Stop

47
Q

What does ‘yaar’ mean in Indian English?

A

Friend

48
Q

In Indian English, compound words using ‘w _ _ _ _ _ ‘ meaning ‘person associated with’ are very common eg ‘governmentw _ _ _ _ _ ‘

A

Wallah - Governmentwallah (person associated with the government)

49
Q

What is the term we use for the following examples: ‘I am knowing this’ instead of ‘I know this’ or ‘I am loving you’ instead of ‘I love you’

A

Progressive aspect

50
Q

In Indian English, it is common to say “what she has done” instead of “what has she done” - what do we call this?

A

‘Wh’ interrogatives do not use inversion.

51
Q

In Indian English, they commonly use which word as a tag question?

A

‘no’ - e.g. You’re going home, no?

52
Q

In Indian English, it is common to change words that start with a ‘w’ to a ‘v’ e.g. ‘vhat are you doing.’ - What do we call this?

A

v-w merging

53
Q

What is a lingua franca?

A

A trading or contact language, between groups of people who don’t have a language in common.

54
Q

What is the name of the theorist who identified the ‘dynamic model?

A

Edgar Schneider

55
Q

The ‘foundation’ stage in Schneider’s dynamic model explains how English is brought to a new territory by a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ group

A

Powerful

56
Q

The ‘Exonormative Stabilisation’ stage in Schneider’s dynamic model explains how the _ _ _ _ _ in the territory become bilingual using Standard English.

A

Elite

57
Q

The ‘N _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ‘ stage, in Schneider’s Dynamic Model, is when the influence of Britain (or other English speaking country) weakens

A

Nativisation

58
Q

The ‘Endonormative Stabilisation’ stage in Schneider’s Dynamic Model, is when the new territory gains what?

A

Independence

59
Q

‘D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’ in Schneider’s Dynamic Model, is when the new variety of English becomes widely spoken throughout the territory

A

Differentiation

English Language (13 decks)

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