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Biology > Energy transfers between and in organisms > Flashcards

Energy transfers between and in organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe light dependent reactions in photosynthesis

A
  1. light excites electrons in the chlorophyll
  2. electrons pass down the ETC
  3. electrons lose energy as they pass along the ETC in thylakoids
  4. this causes phosphorylation of ATP and reduces NADP
  5. photolysis of water
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2
Q

describe light independent reactions in photosynthesis

A
  1. RuBP + CO2
  2. forms GP
  3. ATP and NADPH from LDR used to reduce GP to TP
  4. 2 TP used to make organic substances
  5. 10 TP used to regenerate RuBP
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3
Q

Describe the parts of the chloroplast and some of their functions

A
  1. Ribosomes
  2. Starch grains
  3. Stroma- site of LIR and contains enzymes for LIR
  4. Granum- increases SA for LDR in thylakoids
  5. Thylakoids- site of LDR
  6. double membrane
  7. circular DNA
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4
Q

define chemiosmosis

A

synthesis of ATP coupled with electron transfer and proton movement

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5
Q

Describe glycolysis

A
  1. phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate using ATP
  2. production of 2 TP
  3. oxidation of 2 TP to produce 4ATP and 2NADH and 2 pyruvate
  4. location of glycolysis is in cytoplasm
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6
Q

describe the Krebs cycle

A
  1. one ATP per cycle
  2. in the metrix of mitochondria
  3. decarboxylation of 6C
  4. removal of hydrogen by NAD and FAD of 6C
  5. substrate level phosphorylation of other carbon compounds produced
  6. FADH2 and NADH produced- these molecules pass electrons to electron transport chain
  7. 4C regenerated
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7
Q

describe the link reaction

A
  1. pyruvate is oxidised to acetate producing NADH
    2.acetate combines with CoA enzyme to produce acetyl CoA
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8
Q

describe oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. H+ pumped across inner membrane
  2. creates concentration gradient
  3. electrons transferred between carriers
  4. chemiosmosis
  5. H+ pass down concentration gradient
  6. through ATPase complex into matrix of mitochondria
  7. oxygen is final acceptor forming water
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9
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A
  1. outer membrane
  2. inner membrane
  3. cristae (folded version of inner membrane)
  4. matrix
  5. inter membrane space
  6. ribosomes
  7. ATP synthase
  8. loop of DNA
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10
Q

explain the importance of oxygen being the final electron acceptor

A

without oxygen the electron transport chain would not function as NAD+ would not be regenerated

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11
Q

describe anaerobic respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate reduces to ethanol or lactate by NADH
    3.NAD produced used again in glycolysis
  3. lactate can convert back to pyruvate to convert to glycogen
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12
Q

Define biomass

A

can be measured in term of carbon or dry mass of tissue per given area.

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13
Q

Calorimetry

A

estimates the chemical energy store in dry biomass

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14
Q

Gross primary production

A

the chemical energy store in plant biomass in a given area or volume

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15
Q

net primary production

A

chemical energy store in plant biomass ager respiratory losses to the environment have been taken into account

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16
Q

NPP=

A

GPP-R

17
Q

primary and secondary productivity

A

rate or primary or secondary production. it is a measured as biomass in given are in a given time

18
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into nitrogen containing compounds by nitrogen fixing bacteria

19
Q

ammonification

A

production of ammonia when saprobiontic microorganisms feed on nitrogen containing compounds

20
Q

nitrification

A

conversion of ammonium ions to nitrite ions which are then oxidised to nitrate ions

21
Q

denitrification

A

conversion of nitrate ions to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria

22
Q

phosphorous cycle

A
  1. weathering causes phosphate ions to be released from rocks to water and soil
  2. ions taken up by plant roots or algae from the water
  3. consumers eat the plants
  4. phosphate ions eventually found in waste products and dead organisms to be decomposed by saporbionts
23
Q

leeching

A

process in which ions dissolved in water and are carried from soil end up in rivers and lakes

24
Q

eutrophication

A

algae growth

25
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

facilitates the uptake of water and inorganic ions by plants. it has a large surface area and acts as a sponge to hold the ions.

26
Q

saprobionts

A

decompose waste and dead matter by extracellular digestion making inorganic ions available for other organisms

Biology (20 decks)

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