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Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nucleus

A
  • contains chromosomes and is protein bound
  • linear DNA
  • nuclear pores
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2
Q

RER

A
  • series of flattened sacs
  • folds and processes protein made on the ribosomes
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3
Q

SER

A
  • membrane bound sacs
  • produces and processes lipids
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4
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • series of fluid filled, flattened and curved sacs with vesicles surrounding the edges
  • processes and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles
  • produces lysosomes
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5
Q

mitochondria

A
  • bound by double membrane
  • cristae
  • matrix contains enzymes needed for respiration
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6
Q

Lysosomes

A

vesicles containing digestive enzymes bound by a single membrane

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7
Q

Cell wall

A

made of peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Viruses

A
  • non living
  • nucleic acids in capsid
  • attachment protein
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9
Q

TEM

A
  • beam of electrons pass through thin section of a specimen
  • areas that absorb the electrons appear darker on the electron micrograph
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10
Q

SEM

A
  • beam of electrons passes across surface
  • builds up a 3D image depending on contours of the specimen
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11
Q

Ultracentrifugation

A
  1. cells homogenised and the fluid is put in a buffer that is ice cold, same water potential, pH buffer
  2. placed in centrifuge and spun at low speed first
  3. heaviest organelles form a pellet at the bottom of the tube
  4. remove the pellet from the supernatant and increase the speed as you centrifuge again
  5. repeat steps until you receive the desired organelle
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12
Q

Interphase

A
  • G1= growth and replication
  • S1= synthesis of DNA
  • G2= error check
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13
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Prophase = centrioles appear and release spindle fibres as nuclear membrane breaks down
  • metaphase= spindle fibres attach at centromere and the chromosomes align at the equator
  • Anaphase= centromeres divide as single fibres pull them apart and move to opposite poles
  • Telophase= nuclear membrane reforms
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14
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • cytoplasm divides and two daughters cells form with identical genetic material
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15
Q

Mitosis is important for

A

growth, repair and reproduction

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16
Q

Binary Fissions

A
  1. Circular DNA replicates and both copies attach to the cell membrane. Plasmids also replicate
  2. cell membrane begins to grow between the two DNA molecules and begins to pinch inwards, dividing the cytoplasm in two
  3. new cells wall forms between the two DNA molecules dividing the original cell
  4. identical daughter cells contains single copy of circular DNA and variable number of plasmids
17
Q

Viral replication

A
  1. don’t undergo cell division
  2. they inject their nucleic acids into another cell
  3. the infected host cell replicates the virus particles
18
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

integral protein- carrier proteins which allow substances to cross the membrane
glycolipids- cell surface receptors for certain molecules. allows cells to recognise one another as well as attach to form tissue
cholesterol- makes the membrane more rigid and reduces the lateral movement of phospholipids. prevents leakage of water and dissolved ions
glycoproteins- attached to extrinsic proteins… same as glycolipid

19
Q

Transports

A
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • facilitated diffusion
  • active transport
  • exocytosis and endocytosis
  • co transport
20
Q

non specific responses

A

inflammation
lysozyme
interferon
phagocytosis

21
Q

specific immune response

A

Cell mediated
Humoral response

22
Q

Cell mediated response

A
  1. macrophages destroys pathogen by phagocytosis and displays antigen of surface- APC
  2. APC interacts with Th cell and releases cytokines
  3. cytokine triggers mitosis to produce Th and Tk cells
  4. Tk detects antigen on body cell and produces perofin which causes the lysis of cells
  5. memory cells
23
Q

Humoral Response

A
  1. macrophages destroys pathogen by phagocytosis and displays antigen of surface- APC
  2. APC interacts with Th cell and releases cytokines
  3. Tk releases another cytokine triggering the differentiation of plasma cells and divide and produces antibodies. the antibodies attach, neutralise and agglutination
  4. memory cells
24
Q

Structure of HIV

A
  • matrix
  • RNA
  • attachment proteins
  • reverse transcriptase
  • capsid
  • lipid envelope
25
Q

HIV replication

A
  1. HIV binds to proteins on Th
  2. capsid fuses with cell surface membrane
  3. RNA and reverse transcriptase enter Th cells
  4. reverse transcriptase coverts RNA to DNA which moves into nucleus
  5. Th can now produce HIV
26
Q

direct ELISA

A
  1. HIV antigen bound to bottom of the vessel
  2. blood plasma sample added. HIV antigens bind to the antibodies with enzyme attached
  3. wash
  4. substrate added causing colour to change
27
Q

indirect ELISA

A
  1. HIV antibodies bound to bottom of the vessel
  2. blood plasma sample added. HIV antigens bind to the antibodies
  3. wash
  4. add secondary antibodies with active sites for substrate
  5. wash
  6. substrate added causing colour to change
28
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

identical antibodies that have been produced by an immune cell that has been cloned from parent cell

Biology (20 decks)

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