Energy Systems Flashcards
ATP-PC (anaerobic)
Used for 5 to 15 seconds
Results in one ATP
For quick and intense muscle contraction. (One rep weightlifting and sprinting)
Glycolysis (anaerobic)
Used for 15 to 120 seconds
Results in two ATP
(Medium Distance track a field)
Cellular respiration (aerobic)
Used for 90 seconds and beyond
Results in 36 ATP
(Long distance running)
Slow twitch muscle fibers (type 1)
Apperarance: Dark Red due to high blood vessels
Ability to generate tension/relax - Slowly
Production: Able to maintain a lower level of tension for long durations.
Ideal For: Long-distance swimming, cycling, running
Energy System: Aerobic (Cellular Respiration)
Fast Twitch (Type II)
Appearance: Pale in colour due to less capillaries
Ability to Generate tension/relax: very quickly
Production: Able to generate at a rate two to three times faster than slow-twitch muscles. Generate in large amounts of tension with relatively low endurance levels
Ideal for: Short sprints, powerlifting, explosive jumping.
Energy System: Anaerobic
Type IIa Fast Twitch
Fast-Oxidative Glycolytic (Built for glycolysis and cellular respiration
Are intermediate-type muscle fibres meaning…they combine fast twitch responses with aerobic fatigue resistant metabolism.
Type IIb:
Fast Glycolytic (Built for glycolysis)
Sufficiently able to transform high levels of enzymes (carbohydrates) necessary for quick contraction without requiring oxygen.
State the 3 macronutrients
Carbohydrates
Complex: good carbs, Energy is released over a long period of time (eg Rice, pasta, bread, green vegetables)
Simple: The energy is stored as glycogen for immediate use; if this energy does not get used immediately, it will get stored as fat (eg Sugar drinks, cookies chips,refined bread)
Fats
Unsaturated: Sourced from plants and oil products (i.e. avocados, fish, sunflower seeds, peanuts)
Saturated: Sourced from animals and animal products (i.e. butter, whole milk, meat)
Protiens
Complete: Foods that contain all 20 amino acids (Eg. quinao, eggs, cheese, milk)
Incomplete: :Foods that do not contain all 20 amino acids. (eg. Soy beans, nuts, vegetables)
Describe what occurs during muscle contraction (excitation-contraction coupling).
Stage 1: Signal to move the muscle is received from the brain, is sent back to the muscle, and is spread through the end on the axon in all directions.
Stage 2: Signal reaches the ‘T Tubule’ (Transverse Tubule) and carries the signal down the tubule into the sarcoplasm of the muscle fiber.
Stage 3: The signal travels down the T-Tubule and stimulates the opening of ‘gates’ in the T-Tubule. These gates are attached to calcium channels.
Stage 4: The opening of these gates allow calcium to diffuse into the sarcomere where they can bind to troponin/tropomyosin.
Stage 5: The new Troponin/Tropomyosin/Calcium complex rotates to expose the active sites on the actin. Since they are now exposed, the can now bind to the myosin heads and create muscle movement.
State main components of sliding filament theory (acetylcholine & role of calcium)
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from motor neurons. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle fiber membrane, initiating a series of events that result in the generation of an action potential. That moves along the axon
Calcium ions bind to the protein molecule called troponin, which is located on the actin filaments. This binding induces a conformational change in the troponin-tropomyosin complex, exposing the active sites on the actin filaments. And now can bind to myosin heads to create movment
