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Alevel PE Revision > Energy Systems > Flashcards

Energy Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Where do we get energy from for muscular contractions?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (found in high quantities in carbohydrates)

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2
Q

What does the ATP-PC do and which sports is it useful for?

A

The ATP-PC system provides an immediate and intense short burst of energy, useful in sports such as 100m sprints, Powerlifting, or throwing events such as the Javelin, Shot Put, or Discus throw, but is only useful for around 10 seconds.

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3
Q

ATP:

A

Adenosine triphosphate molecule.

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4
Q

ADP:

A

Adenosine diphosphate molecule

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5
Q

PC

A

Phosphocreatine molecule

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6
Q

What is ATP and how is energy released?

A

ATP is a high-energy molecule that breaks down in the muscles to form ADP and release energy. PC or Phosphocreatine is another high-energy molecule, found in the Sarcoplasm of muscle fibres.

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7
Q

How is ATP broken down and resynthesised?

A

The breakdown of ATP and the increase in the volume of ADP triggers an enzyme known as Creatine Kinase to initiate the breakdown of PC into Phosphate and Creatine. Being an exothermic reaction, this provides the energy required to resynthesise ATP at a fast rate.

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8
Q

Advantages of the ATP-PC system

A

t does not require oxygen
Muscle cell stores Phosphocreatine ready for immediate energy
It’s a small compound so it reacts quickly to produce energy

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9
Q

Disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

A

Muscle only stores small amounts so runs out quickly (8 to 10 seconds)

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10
Q

Draw or describe the Energy Continuum graph

A
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11
Q

Draw or describe the chemical equation for the ATP-PC system

A
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12
Q

What is Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration is when the body produces energy for exercise without oxygen. There are two types of anaerobic respiration that you need to know about. The immediate ATP-PC system and the Lactic Acid system.

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13
Q

When is the lactic acid system used and predominantly for which sports?

A

Any sport or event requiring a sustained burst of high-intensity exercise will use the lactic acid system and cause the body to go into oxygen debt. For example, 400m Sprinting, Speed Skating, Crossfit competitions & Circuit training.

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14
Q

Advantages of the lactic system

A

Lots of glycogen stored in the muscles and liver is available for energy
Resynthesises two molecules of ATP as opposed to just one that the ATP-PC manages
Fewer reactions than the aerobic energy system are needed to produce energy so it is faster (but not as fast as the PC system)
Provides more sustained high-intensity energy for between 10 and 180 seconds
Can work both anaerobically (without oxygen) and aerobically (with oxygen)

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15
Q

Disadvantages of the lactic system

A

It is not as quick as the PC system
Lactic acid is produced which causes fatigue (and discomfort!)
Causes pain by stimulating the pain receptors (telling the body to slow down and known as lactic acid build-up)
In the end, it stops working because of muscle fatigue and pain

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16
Q

Draw the flow diagram for anaerobic glycolysis

A
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17
Q

What is Aerobic Glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis is the breakdown of Carbohydrates (in the form of Glucose or Glycogen) into Pyruvic acid and two ATP molecules

Converting Carbohydrates into Pyruvic acid uses a total of 10 chemical reactions.

18
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle?

A

The Krebs cycle (Citric acid or Tricarboxylic acid cycle) is the second phase of aerobic respiration.

19
Q

Where does Aerobic Glycolysis take place?

A

These take place in the muscle Sarcoplasm, a gelatine-type substance in the muscle fibres. Glycolysis takes place without the presence of oxygen in the cells.

20
Q

What happens to the Pyruvic Acid?

A

The Pyruvic acid produced during Glycolysis enters the mitochondria and immediately converts to Acetyl Coenzyme.

This combines with Oxaloacetic acid to form a 6-carbon compound, known as Citric acid. Further chemical reactions occur to wield enough energy to resynthesise 2 ATP molecules.

21
Q

What are the mitochondria?

A

A. Mitochondria are the cell’s powerhouses that produce energy.

22
Q

What are the bi-products of the Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid cycle?

A

Bi-products of these reactions include Carbon Dioxide (exhaled by the lungs), and Hydrogen.

23
Q

Why is the Krebs Cycle considered a ‘cycle’?

A

The process is termed a cycle because the starting product Oxaloacetic acid is also the end product. Therefore, ready to start the process over again.

24
Q

How many ATP are produced through the Krebs Cycle?

A

2ATP

25
Q

In the electron transport chain, what happens to the hydrogen?

A

The hydrogen from the Krebs cycle passes into the inner membranes of the Mitochondria where it splits into a proton (H+) and an electron (H-).

26
Q

In the electron transport chain what type of reaction occurs?

A

The electrons are then subject to a series of redox reactions which release a large amount of energy in order to resynthesise ATP.

27
Q

How do the protons produce energy in the mitochondria?

A

The protons also create energy by moving back through the inner membrane of the Mitochondria because of the redox reactions. This causes an imbalance of H+ and so they return through the membrane, producing energy.

28
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A chemical reaction that takes place between an oxidizing substance and a reducing substance. The oxidizing substance loses electrons in the reaction, and the reducing substance gains electrons.

29
Q

What happens at the end of the ETC? How many ATP are produced?

A

A final exothermic reaction is the combination of hydrogen with oxygen, to form water. The total ATP production during all of the reactions of the electron transport chain is 34, meaning it is by far the highest-producing phase of aerobic metabolism.

30
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

31
Q

What is Beta-Oxidation?

A

Beta-oxidation is the breakdown of saturated fatty acids to aid in energy production. Fatty acids are strings of carbon and hydrogens attached to carboxyl groups (C=O). ATP attaches a fatty acid chain to coenzyme A (CoA), which then becomes acyl-CoA.

32
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in the ETC

A

34ATP

33
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

When energy is transferred to the surroundings, this is called an exothermic reaction, and the temperature of the surroundings increases.

34
Q

What is the controlling enzyme in the ATP-PC system?

A

Creatine Kinase

35
Q

What is the controlling enzyme in the Lactic Acid system?

A

Phosphruktokinase (PFK)

36
Q

What is the fuel in the lactic acid system?

A

Glycogen

37
Q

What is the fuel in the ATP-PC system?

A

ATP store then phosphocreatine

38
Q

What is the biproduct in anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Lactic Acid

39
Q

What are the fuels of the aerobic system?

A

Glycogen and Glucose, fats then protein

40
Q

What is NADH?

A

NADH and FADH2 give their electrons to proteins in the electron transport chain, which ultimately pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space. This chemical gradient is used to create ATP

41
Q

How is a redox reaction going to help make ATP?

A

How is a redox reaction going to help make ATP? There’s a lot of energy stored in the bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms in glucose. During cellular respiration, redox reactions basically transfer this bond energy in the form of electrons from glucose to molecules called electron carriers

Alevel PE Revision (6 decks)

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