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Physics > Energy stores and transfers > Flashcards

Energy stores and transfers Flashcards

1
Q

system

A

an object or a group of objects

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2
Q

object in equilibrium

A

nothing changes and so nothing happens

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3
Q

change to an object

A

energy is transferred

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4
Q

kinetic

A

moving objects have energy

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5
Q

gravitational

A

objects gain energy in their gravitational potential store as they are lifted above ground

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6
Q

elastic

A

objects have energy in their elastic potential store if they are streched

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7
Q

electostatic

A

objects with charge interacting with one another have energy in their electrostatic store

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8
Q

magnetic

A

magnetic interacting with each other

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9
Q

chemical

A

objects with energy in their chemical store can release energy

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10
Q

nuclear

A

atomic nuclei release enrgy from their nuclear store during reactions

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11
Q

thermal

A

all objects have energy in their thermal store, the hotter the object the more energy it contains

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12
Q

energy pathways

A

mechanical
electrical
heating
radiation

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13
Q

mechanical working

A

when a force acts on an object

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14
Q

electrical working

A

a charge moving through a potential differencee

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15
Q

heating by particles

A

energy is transferred from a hotter object to a colder one

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16
Q

heating by radiation

A

energy transferred by EM waves

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17
Q

principle of conservation of energy

A

energy cannot be created, or destroyed it can only be transferred from one store to another

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18
Q

total amount of energy=

A

closed system
remains constant

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19
Q

efficiency

A

the ratio of the useful energy output from a system to its total energy output

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20
Q

system with high efficiency

A

most of the energy transferred is useful

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21
Q

effieciency equation

A

efficiency= (useful energy output/total energy output) x 100%

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22
Q

sankey diagrams

A

used to represent energy transfers

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23
Q

left hand side sankey diagram

A

represents the energy transferred into the system

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24
Q

straight arrow in sankey diagram

A

the useful energy output

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25
Q

bended arrow in sankey diagrams

A

wasted energy

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26
Q

total energy in equation

A

useful energy out + wasted energy

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27
Q

how is energy transferred by heating and radiation

A

conduction
convection
radiation

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28
Q

how is energy from a mug of hot coffee transferred

A

through radiation from the surface of the mug to the surroundings due to the infrared radiation being emitted from its surface

29
Q

until when do objects continue to lose heat

A

until they reach thermal equialibrium

30
Q

what are good conductors

A

metals

31
Q

what are poor conductors called

A

insulators

32
Q

what happens when a substance is heated

A

atoms start to move around and vibrate more, as they bump into each other transferring energy from atom to atom

33
Q

why are metals good at conducting heat

A

due to delocalised electrons which collide with the atoms, helping to transfer the vibrations through the material.

34
Q

convection

A

thermal energy transferred through liquids and gases

35
Q

convection current explain

A
  • molecules push apart, fluid expands
  • makes hot fluid less dense than surroundings
  • hot fluid rises and cool fluid moves in to take place
  • hot fluid cools and sinks back down
36
Q

the more hotter the object=

A

the more infrared radiation it radiates

37
Q

what colour is the best abosrber and emitter

A

black

38
Q

what objects are the worst emitting and absorbing thermal radiation

A

shiny

39
Q

how do you reduce conduction

A

use materials with low thermal conductivity (insulators)

40
Q

reduce convection

A

currents need to be prevented from forming.
- fluid that forms the current has to prevented from moving

41
Q

what reduces energy transfers from conduction and convection

A

insulation

42
Q

what does the effectiveneness of a insulator depend on

A
  • thermal conductivity of material
  • density of material
  • thickness of material
43
Q

what is insulation made of

A

fibre glass

44
Q

why is glas fibre a good insulation

A
  • air is trapped between the fibres which makes is a good insulator
45
Q

cavity wall insulation

A

gaps or cavities between external walls being filled with insulation.

46
Q

how is work done

A

when an object is moved over a distance by a force applied in the direction of its displacement

47
Q

energy transferred is equal to

A

work done

48
Q

equation for work done

A

W ( J)= F x d (m)

49
Q

GPE

A

the energy an object has due to its height in a gravitational field

50
Q

equation for G.P.E

A

G.P.E= mass x graviational field strength (N/kg) x height (m)

51
Q

what is the gravitational field strength of the earth?

A

10 N/kg

52
Q

why is it easier to life a mass on the moon

A

its gravitational field strength is less

53
Q

when is it harder to lift mass more than on earth

A

on bigger planets

54
Q

kinetic energy

A

the amount of energy an object has as a result of its mass and speed

55
Q

equation for kinetic energy

A

K.E= 1/2 X m x V^2

V is speed of the object

56
Q

why are pendulums an example of perfect energy trasnfers

A

all of the energy in the kinetic store is transferred mechanically to its gravitational potential store

57
Q

power

A

the rate of the energy transfer or the rate of work done

58
Q

equation for power

A

Power (W) = Word done/ time

59
Q

reneweable energy

A

an energy source that is replenished at a faster rate than the rate at which it is being used

60
Q

examples of renewable energy

A

solar energy, wind, bio fuel, hydroelectricity, geo thermal, tidal

61
Q

turbine

A

turned which turns a generator which generates electricity

62
Q

how can water be used to turn turbines

A

energy in the K store of the flowing water is transferred to the K store of the turbine and then to the K store of the generator which is trans electrically to the national grid.

63
Q

what can fossil fuels be used to turn turbines?

A

fossile fuels combusted to heat water which produced steam to turn it

64
Q

how can nuclear fuels be used to produce electricity

A
  • nuclear fuels are used to heat water to produce steam to turn it
  • nuclear store -> thermal store of water -> kinetic store of turbine -> kinetic store of generator
65
Q

advantages of reneweable energy

A
  • reliable as it won’t run out
  • sometimes not reliable such as wind energy
66
Q

pros and cons of fossiul fuels

A
  • reliable and can produce a large amount of energy
  • produces GHG and pollution
67
Q

pros and cons of nuclear energy

A
  • reliable and doesn’t pollute
  • produces radioactive waste that takes thousands of years to decay
68
Q

pros and cons of hydroelectricity energy

A
  • reliable and can produce large amounts of energy
  • flooding large areas, destroy wildlife
69
Q

pros and cons of wind energy

A
  • no GHG, no pollution
  • not reliable, turbines are ugly and noisy

Physics (6 decks)

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