energy releasing pathways Flashcards
what is homeostatis
ability to build nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and carbohyrates
what are anabolic pathways
things that need energy to go forward-> build large molecules
what are catabolic pathways
things that release energy -> break down
what are heterotrophs
living things that get energy from organic compounds from the metabolism of pre-existing glucose
what are photoautotrophs
living things use energy from sunlight to make their organic compounds from carbon dioxide
what are chemoautotrophs
living things use energy from inorganic compounds to make their organic compounds from carbon dioxide
what pathway unites all living organisms
glycolysis and cellular respiration
where does the Kerb Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle occur
in the mitchondria
what are some pathways that unite all eukaryotic organisms
kerbs cycle , oxidative phosphorylation
how can energy be transferred by
transferring electrons
what is reduction
gaining one 1 or more electrons
what is oxidation
lose of one or more electrons
how can we track oxidation
the loss of hydrogen ions
what is oil rig
oxidation is loss
reduction is gain
what kind of molecule has more energy-reduced or oxidated?
most reduced
what are exergonic reactions
energy releasing
what are endergonic reactions
energy required
what are coupled reactions
exergonic reactions are coupled with endergonic reactions
what are two coupled reactions
ATP and NADH
what is NAD used for?
it takes in high energy electrons from released energy by oxidation
what is NAD
a co-enzyme
what is ATP’s role in coupling
supply energy for anabloic reactions
how do cells transfer energy from NADH to ATP
by oxidative phosphorylation
how is ATP formed
many exergonic reactions release energy that is captured and stored in chemical bonds of ATP
what does the hydrolysis of ATP lead to?
the bonds of the 2nd and 3rd phosphate are brown which releases free energy ( ATP -> ADP )
what makes the reactant less stable
transferring a phosphate
what does the breakdown of ATP lead to
more energy for other cell reactions
what are two common electron carriers
FAD and NADP+
when is FAD used
glucose metabolism
when is NADP+ used
for photosynthsis
does glycolysis use oxygen
NO
why does glycolysis not use oxygen
Early Earth had no oxygen
where does glycolysis happen
cytoplasm
what do metabolic processes do
break down a diverse range of organic compunds
when is energy released
when reduced organic molecules with many C-C and C-H bonds oxidized to C02
what is pyruvate?
a 3 carbon sugar that glucose breaks down into
what happens to pyruvate if oxygen is not present
it will move into the Mitochondria
what are the reactants and products ?
reactant: 1 glucose with 6 chains
products: 2 pyruvate with 3 chains each
what is the relationship between energy investment and energy payoff
they have the same energy investment and energy payoff
what is pyruvate oxidation
links glycolysis and Kerb’s cycle in the mitochondrial matrix
what does pyruvate oxidation release?
CO2 and NADH is made by accepting electrons
what happens in the Kerbs cycle
the products of pyruvate oxidation are further oxidized
what happens to the products in kerbs cycle
1) CO2 released
2) ATP is made by phosphorylation
ADP
3) NADH and FADH2 are made when they accept high-energy electrons
what is the electron transport chain
energy carriers (NADH and FADH2 ) will be oxidized -> donate high energy electrons to ETC for oxidative phosphorylation.
what do NADH and FADH2 do when in the electron transport chain
they are oxidized ( take away electrons) -> donate high energy electrons to ETC channels
what do electron carriers do in ETC
pass electrons to other redox carriers in inner mitochondrial membrane
what happens to free energy in ETC
it is relaised from edergonic oxidation where h+ is pumped out of inner membrane through proton pumps -> creates a proton graident
how can H+ reenter matrix
They can diffuse into the matrix by using the protein enzyme ATP Synthase which makes ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
what happens to oxygen at end of ETC
it is reduced by accepting a pair of electrons and bonding to H+ ions to make water
what will happen to electron transport chain without oxygen
nothing can accept electrons at the end of ETC which would stop Kerbs cycle bc there are no electron carriers
where does the hydrogen come from that oxygen bonds to
FADH2 and NADH which is brought from glycolysis and kerbs cycle
how much ATP do glycolysis and kerbs cycle pump out
2 each
how much ATP does oxidative phosphorylation pump out and why
they pump out 32 ATP because they have the protein enzyme ATP Synthase
what is chemiomosis?
use of electrochemical gradient (H+) to synthesize ATP
where is ATP synthase in prokaryotes
set up across the cell membrane
where is ATP synthase in eukaryotes
the inner membrane of mitochondria and thylakoids of chloroplasts
what is the ATP relationship in and out
the amount of ATP made in respiration determines amount of energy released in redox
what has the highest redox potential
O2
what yields the most ATP
aerobic (including oxygen) respiration bc oxygen wants electrons
how are prokaryotes different in metabolism
they can accept other final electron acceptors for oxidative phosproylaion when O2 is not around (anaerobic respiration)
what was the evolutionary advantage of oxidative phosphorylation
exploit O2 since very abundant in Early Earth
what does anaerobic respiration involve
alcoholic fermentation , lactic acid fermentation
what does aerobic respiration involve
kerbs cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis
what do anaerobic perspiration not have
an alt. electron acceptor
can oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur without O2
NO
what is nonoxidative phophorylation
some anaerobic mircobes will use other terminal electron acceptors than O2
what will most organisms use to break down glucose without oxygen
fermentation
where does fermentation take place
cytoplasm
what is the final electron acceptor in fermentation?
an organic molecule
what are two common pathways of germentation
lactic acid and alcoholic fermenation
what do lactic acid and fermentation acid end with
lactic -> lactic acid
alcoholic fermentation -> ethyl alcohol
what are the three fates of pyruvate made by glycolysis
lactic acid, and alcoholic ( anaerobic)
oxidation ( aerobic
where is lactic acid used
Bacteria and muscle tissue
When is acholic fermentation used
many bacteria and yeast
