ap bio cell structure Flashcards
what type of cells do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
prokaryotes
ex. unicellular, bacteria
what type of cells contain a nucleus for DNA and membrane bound organelles
eukaryotes
ex: unicelluar or multicellur
plant and animal cells
what are three domains of life
- bacteria, archaea, eukarya
(eurkatryotes branched off of archaea)
what are some shared features of prokaryotic cells
nucleoid ( genetic material in a region), cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytosol(liquid surrounding cell)
what are some specialized features of prokaryotic cells?
-have a cell wall
-some have have flagella(tail: in sperm)
-may have internal membranes and carry out photosynthesis
how can having these specialized features in prokaryotes be an evolutionary advantage?
-chemicals are be contained in different regions of cell
-biochemical ativties can be compartmentalized, which allow for reactions to happen more efficiently since they can produce favorable conditions for each function
-they can increase surface area for chemical reactions
what is bacteria
- most abundant form of life
-can have diseases
-used for decomposition, digestion, and nitrogen fixation
what ae archaea
-anerobic
-live in mostly ancient earth conditions like volcanic vents and permafrost
-dna is more similar to eukaryotes
what are the shared charateristics of eukaryotes cells
- cytoskeleton (cell movement, structural integrity, organelle transport)
-membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts)
-linear chromosomes
-endomembrane system (system of parts of cells)
what do plants cells have that eukaryotic cells don’t?
cell wall and cholorplasts
cytoskeleton function
supports organelles and cell shape and cell motion
mircotubule function
tube of protein moleules in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
intermediate filament
intertwined protein fibers provide support and strength
actin filament function
twisted protein fibers that help with cell movement
centriole function
complex assembly of microtubules that occurs in pairs
cytoplasm function
semifluid matrix that contains nucleus and other organelles
mitochondrion function
organelle where energy is extracted from food in oxidative metabolism
secretory vesicle
vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane -> releases materials to be secreted from the cell.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
system of internal membranes that help create carbohydrates and lipids
rough endoplasmic reticulum
internal membrane with many ribosomes that help protein syntheis
lysosome function
vesicle that breaks down macromolecules and digests worn-out cell components.
golgi complex
collects, packages, and distributes molecules in cell
nucleus
command center of cells
nucleolus
site where ribosomes are made
nuclear envelope
double membrane between the nucleus and cytoplasm
nuclear pore
opening embedded in proteins that regulate passage in and out of nucleus
ribosomes
small complexes of RNA and protein that are the sites of protein sythesisis
peroxisome
vesicle that contains enzymes that carry out particular reactions like detoxifying potentially harmful molecules
plasma membrane
lipid bilayer where proteins are embedded
cell wall
rigid outer covering-made by carbohydrates
helps maintain shape and prevent bursting from the water
chloroplast
uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose
cell wall is also in
prokaryotes and fungi
free ribosomes are used to
synthesize proteins for use INSIDE of cell
membrane-bound ribosomes are used for
export or secretion or for in lyosome
what is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
it changes proteins that are shipped to other places in endomembrane system , cell surface, or outside of cell
covered in ribosomes
what is the role of smooth
made lipids (fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids
detoxifies molecules like alcohol, drugs, and metabolism waste.
what are some modifications in the golgi complex
1) the correct folding and cuts of the protein
2) chemical modifications
— glycosylation (sugar tags)
——–can create more folding
3) sorting and packaging for export
what are inner membrane systems in eukaryotes
functional areas that are specialized for specific tasks to increase efficiency. (different ph, smaller volumes etc)
why do cells use membranes to compartmentalize?
1) prevent reactants from contaminating the wanted reaction
2) increase bumping between substrates and enzymes
3) increase efficiency for enzymes (ph, temp, volume)
ex: don’t want to do hydrolysis in same place as dehydration
endosymbiosis
when one organism lives inside another
what is the endosymbiont theory
certain eukaryote organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast were originally free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells
what is some evidence for endosymbiont theory?
1) both mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA
2) both makes their own protein synthesizing organelles
3) closets homologs of chloroplasts are cyanobacteria
( both are dependent on hosts)-> key proteins imported from rest of cell
what does the cell membrane do?
control what comes in and out of cell (selectively permeable)
what is the structure of cell membrane
1) thin double layer of phospholipid molecules
2) proteins float in the lipid bilayer and control what passes
3) steroids maintain fluidity
3)glycoproteins and glycolipids extend out from proteins
what is the process occurred in the Golgi complex that placed glycosidic chains on proteins
glycosylation
what are the functions of the cell membrane
1) separate internal/external environments
2) regulate transport
-> ions, gases, and nutrients enter
-> wastes and cellar products exit
3)identification -> markers on it show what is unique to organism
what is diffusion
scattering or spreading of molecules or ions by random movement
what is the net movement of diffusion
high to low (like a bike on a hill)
what does diffusion go high to low
more particles will hit membrane more often so it moves high to low
what is the rate at which particles diffuse depends on
1) size of concentration gradient
2) size of particles diffusing
3) temp
what are the different types of transport
-> passive transport
(no energy needed: move high to low) (import materials and export wastes)
–> active transport
(need energy: pull particles from low concentration to high concentration)
why are concentration gradients created?
the cell membrane is semi-permeable-> allow certain molecules to enter
what is membrane potential?
difference in electrical charge inside and outside the cell
what are the two types of embedded proteins in membrane
1) hydrophillic -> polar and charged (loves water) (tails)
2) hydrophobic-> nonpolar and not charged (don’t like water)
since water is polar and hyrdophllic is polar, hyrdophllic likes water because like dissolves like
what do hyrdophilic side changes to
they charge the channel so water(polar) can move thru
what are the types of passive transport
1) simple -> carries small NONPOLAR molecules easily (N2, O2, CO2)
2) facilitated diffusion -> needs the help of transport proteins like channel proteins and carrier proteins
3) osmosis-> diffusion of liquids thru semi- permeable membrane
what are aquaporins?
protein carriers for water
what is active transport
movement of molcules (ions or molculeswith energy, usually against a concentration gradient (low to high) (need ATP) (need proteins pumps)
what does active transport use
uses carrier proteins (proteins get energy from free energy ATP)
what does active transport need
protein pumps
what is an exmaple of a protein pump
sodium potassium pump_> 40% of all energy goes into powering pump
what can protein pumps can and cannot do?
they can bring small molecules in and out of the cell
but they cannot carry large things
what types of active transport moves large things in and out of the cell (vesicular transport)
1) exocytosis -> moves out substances
2) endocytosis -> take in substances
what is vesicular transport
process in which materials are moved from different compartments of the cell and cell environment using vesicles
what is phagocytosis
large materials like bacteria
what is pinocytosis
small materials like macromolcules
what is receptor endocytosis
specific uptake of substances using specific cell surface receptors
what is cytosis
process of cells taking in or releasing substances
