Energy Policy

Question 1

1952: European Coal & stell community

energy consumption

Answer 1

2/3 coal
10% oil

oil was cheap –> substitution of coal by oil

1960: 60% of energy consumed in EEC was produced in EEC

Question 2

1960s objective for energy policy

Answer 2

• Fair competition between different energy sources
• Security of supply
• Low prices
• Free choice for consumers
• Coordination of state aids

Question 3

1973 First oil crisis

Answer 3

67% of energy consumption: oil
–> measures to reduce dependence on oil imports, promotion of alternative energies, building energy reserves, saving energy

1980s price fell to pre-crisis level

Question 4

1986-2014

Answer 4

2986 Chernobyl: public concern about security and environmental effect rose

1990s: competition, start to liberalize energy sector in Europe (mostly state monopolies at that time)
2006: Dispute between Russia and Ukraine about costs for transportation of gas via pipelines

2011 Fukushima –> security question

2014 Conflict between Russia & Ukraine -> security supply in question (15-20% of EU gas consumption transited through Ukraine)

Question 5

main non-EU suppliers of oil/gas to the EU

Answer 5

oil: Russia, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan

natural gas: Russia, Norway, Algeria, Qatar, Nigeria, Libia

Question 6

Present and Future Challenges

Answer 6

• Ensuring security of supply
• Reducing consumption
• Increasing efficiency
• Promoting renewable energies
• Taking into account environmental and social effects

Question 7

3 Pillars fo EU energy policy (since 2006)

Answer 7

Sustainability: promote renewable and low carbon-emitting fuels, reduce demand, halt climate change

Competitiveness: opening energy market in EU shall benefit consumers & stimulate clean energy production, promote development of new energy technologies

Security of supply: reduce demand,
diversity energy mix, energy resources, route of imported energy,
stimulates interment to meet growing energy demand, better provision to come with emergencies, ensure that citizens and business have access to energy

Question 8

Priorities of EU energy policy

Answer 8

• Better info exchange between MS to reach internal energy market by 2014
• Negotiations to extend bilateral energy agreement of MS to EU
• speaking with one voice in integration fora on renewable energies & climate change, nuclear safety….
• strengthent partnerships with neighboring countries, middle east, Russia, Ukraine, Mediterranean region, USA, Japan, B(R)ICS

Question 9

EU strategic energy Technology plan

Answer 9

CO2 Capture, Transport, and storage
Energy efficiency - smart cities
Solar Europe initiative
European wind initiative