Energy, Materials and the carbon budget

Question 1

1 kg carbon (c) =

Answer 1

3.667 kg carbon dioxide (CO2)

Question 2

GtC

Answer 2

Gigatonne carbon

Question 3

Two main sources for emission

Answer 3

• Fossil Fuels

- Cement production

Question 4

Fossil emission is

Answer 4

direct emissions that come from burning fossil fuels.

You get CO2 and H2O as end products

Question 5

Cement emissions come

Answer 5

from the making of clinker. It is therefore a process emission.

CaCO3 -> CO2 + CaO

Question 6

Since the total emissions have been increasing

Answer 6

we can state that the attention to climate change is totally disconnected from actual emissions (increase).

(There has not been extra attention now that our emissions are much higher than before.)

Question 7

Third source of emissions

Answer 7

Land use change

Question 8

Emissions from land use change

Answer 8

are real emissions and not the changing of the sinks

Question 9

Main emissions from land use change

Answer 9

come from deforestation

Slash and burn?

Question 10

The 4 largest sources of emissions

Answer 10

1) Coal
2) Oil
3) Gas
4) Cement

Question 11

How large is the share of coal emissions in 2012

Answer 11

43%

Question 12

Which energy wasting method is the source of 1% of all emissions

Answer 12

Flaring

Question 13

Cement only has a … share in 2012 global emissions

Answer 13

5%

Question 14

The biggest source of emission growth between 2011 and 2012

Answer 14

is coal, with 54%

Question 15

The largest increase in the use of coal is in

Answer 15

China and India

There was a decrease in the US

Question 16

The top 4 emitters in 2012 covered … of global emissions

Answer 16

58%

Question 17

The 4 countries that are the largest emitters

Answer 17

1) China
2) USA
3) EU28
4) India

Question 18

The emission growth rate of .. and .. are highest with

Answer 18

China and India

with 5.9% and 7.7% respectively

Question 19

Renewable energy investment

Answer 19

is an investment in hardware (so actual wind turbines and pv panels) not production

Question 20

The three largest countries with renewable energy investment

Answer 20

1) China
2) EU
3) USA

Question 21

There are more investments in … than in …

Answer 21

Renewable energy than in Energy Efficiency

Question 22

Annex B countries

Answer 22

A list of countries that signed the Kyoto protocol

Question 23

Bunkers

Answer 23

emissions that were hared to include in the Kyoto protocol because of their not fixed geography.
International flights and shipping.

Question 24

Emissions from annex B countries has ……

Answer 24

slightly declined

Question 25

Emissions from non-Annex B countries

Answer 25

have increased rapidly in the recent years

Question 26

China has the largest share of emissions because

Answer 26

It is a producer country. They produce products for the rest of the world. Their emissions are therefore partly the responsibility of the rest of the world

Question 27

Because the Kyoto protocol was in the context of 1990 emissions

Answer 27

it is less relevant since the distribution of emission is now very different.
The Non-Annex B emissions now far exceed the Annex B emissions.

Question 28

Putting emissions in perspective

Answer 28

Looking at the different context.

• Cumulative
• Production
• Consumption
• per GDP
• Population

Question 29

consumption-based emissions

Answer 29

Allocate emissions to “where are the products and services consumed”

Question 30

The remaining carbon budget

Answer 30

the number is constantly changing. For the 2 degree scenario the limit went up from 355 ppm to 400-450 ppm

Question 31

The current emission are on track

Answer 31

of the 3.2-5.4 degree scenario. Large mitigation measures will be needed to get on the 2 degree.

Question 32

Three main emission sinks

Answer 32

1) Atmosphere
2) Land
3) Ocean

Question 33

Effectivity of sinks

Answer 33

The effectiveness of the sinks are influenced by the antropogenic emissions.
Furthermore, the high amount of antropogenic emissions are making land and ocean less effective sinks.

Question 34

The largest part of new emissions

Answer 34

ends up in the atmosphere. Even the growing capacity of the ocean and land sinks cannot compensate

Question 35

Atomic weight of C

Answer 35

12

Question 36

Atomic weight of O

Answer 36

16

Question 37

CO2 equivalent

Answer 37

allows to sum all greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions

Question 38

GWP

Answer 38

Global warming potential. Expressing the strength of other greenhouse gasses to CO2.

(Methane is 21 times as strong as CO2)

Question 39

1 toe

Answer 39

41.868 GJ

Question 40

1 kWh

Answer 40

3.6 MJ