Energy, Materials and the carbon budget Flashcards
1 kg carbon (c) =
3.667 kg carbon dioxide (CO2)
GtC
Gigatonne carbon
Two main sources for emission
- Fossil Fuels
- Cement production
Fossil emission is
direct emissions that come from burning fossil fuels.
You get CO2 and H2O as end products
Cement emissions come
from the making of clinker. It is therefore a process emission.
CaCO3 -> CO2 + CaO
Since the total emissions have been increasing
we can state that the attention to climate change is totally disconnected from actual emissions (increase).
(There has not been extra attention now that our emissions are much higher than before.)
Third source of emissions
Land use change
Emissions from land use change
are real emissions and not the changing of the sinks
Main emissions from land use change
come from deforestation
Slash and burn?
The 4 largest sources of emissions
1) Coal
2) Oil
3) Gas
4) Cement
How large is the share of coal emissions in 2012
43%
Which energy wasting method is the source of 1% of all emissions
Flaring
Cement only has a … share in 2012 global emissions
5%
The biggest source of emission growth between 2011 and 2012
is coal, with 54%
The largest increase in the use of coal is in
China and India
There was a decrease in the US
The top 4 emitters in 2012 covered … of global emissions
58%
The 4 countries that are the largest emitters
1) China
2) USA
3) EU28
4) India
The emission growth rate of .. and .. are highest with
China and India
with 5.9% and 7.7% respectively
Renewable energy investment
is an investment in hardware (so actual wind turbines and pv panels) not production
The three largest countries with renewable energy investment
1) China
2) EU
3) USA
There are more investments in … than in …
Renewable energy than in Energy Efficiency
Annex B countries
A list of countries that signed the Kyoto protocol
Bunkers
emissions that were hared to include in the Kyoto protocol because of their not fixed geography.
International flights and shipping.
Emissions from annex B countries has ……
slightly declined
Emissions from non-Annex B countries
have increased rapidly in the recent years
China has the largest share of emissions because
It is a producer country. They produce products for the rest of the world. Their emissions are therefore partly the responsibility of the rest of the world
Because the Kyoto protocol was in the context of 1990 emissions
it is less relevant since the distribution of emission is now very different.
The Non-Annex B emissions now far exceed the Annex B emissions.
Putting emissions in perspective
Looking at the different context.
- Cumulative
- Production
- Consumption
- per GDP
- Population
consumption-based emissions
Allocate emissions to “where are the products and services consumed”
The remaining carbon budget
the number is constantly changing. For the 2 degree scenario the limit went up from 355 ppm to 400-450 ppm
The current emission are on track
of the 3.2-5.4 degree scenario. Large mitigation measures will be needed to get on the 2 degree.
Three main emission sinks
1) Atmosphere
2) Land
3) Ocean
Effectivity of sinks
The effectiveness of the sinks are influenced by the antropogenic emissions.
Furthermore, the high amount of antropogenic emissions are making land and ocean less effective sinks.
The largest part of new emissions
ends up in the atmosphere. Even the growing capacity of the ocean and land sinks cannot compensate
Atomic weight of C
12
Atomic weight of O
16
CO2 equivalent
allows to sum all greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions
GWP
Global warming potential. Expressing the strength of other greenhouse gasses to CO2.
(Methane is 21 times as strong as CO2)
1 toe
41.868 GJ
1 kWh
3.6 MJ
