Energy Expenditure

Question 1

rely on feedback from various body parts
and provide feedforward signals according to general
(autonomic, innate,learned) principles and according to
situation-dependent (voluntary, motivational) Rules.

Answer 1

Control Centers

Question 2

control center of the body

Answer 2

Brain

Question 3

provides oxygen for
energy metabolism and dissipates metabolic
by-products.

Answer 3

Respiratory System

Question 4

• carries oxygen from
  the lungs to cells that consume oxygen.
• brings “fuel,
  ” that is,
  derivatives of carbohydrates and fats to the
  cells and removes metabolic by-products
  from the combustion sites.

Answer 4

Circulatory System

Question 5

supports the chemical
processes in the body, particularly those that
yield energy

Answer 5

Metabolic System

Question 6

Volumes of _______ L of blood in women and _______ L in men are normal.

Answer 6

4 - 4.5
5- 6

Question 7

Dissolved materials carried by blood

Answer 7

Oxygen
Nutrients
hormones
enzymes
salts,
vitamins

Question 8

transport oxygen
through
hemoglobin,
an
iron containing
protein
molecule.

Answer 8

Red blood cells

Question 9

reacts with oxygen and
carbon dioxide simultaneously, but
has high affinity for carbon monoxide,
causing its toxicity.

Answer 9

Hemoglobin

Question 10

Architecture of the Circulatory System

Answer 10

Systemic Circuits
Pulmonary Circuits

Question 11

Self regulating process by which
internal stability of human body is
maintained while adjusting to
conditions optimal for survival

Answer 11

Homeostasis

Question 12

Overtime, Homeostasis achieves balance between input and output where :
Inputs are ______
Outputs are ______

Answer 12

Nutrients, Proteins, (Food Intake)
Work and Heat

Question 13

measured in terms of physically useful energy (when we perform tasks)

Answer 13

Work

Question 14

A portion of the energy consumed is lost as ____. This helps in maintaining body temperature.

Answer 14

Heat

Question 15

Refers to all chemical processes in the living body

Describes the overall energy yielding process

Answer 15

Metabolism

Question 16

Defined as the ratio of work performed and energy input

Answer 16

Work efficiency

Question 17

Types of Reactions

Answer 17

Catabolism
Anabolism

Question 18

________ is exothermic (output). Breaking down of complex molecules into numerous simple ones.

Answer 18

Catabolism

Question 19

________ is endothermic (input). Building complex molecules from simple ones.

Answer 19

Anabolism

Question 20

Primary source of quick energy, converted to
glucose.

Stored as glycogen in muscles and liver

Answer 20

Carbohydrates

Question 21

Major energy reserve, stored in adipose tissue.

Digestion releases glycerol and fatty acids for
energy.

The carrier of vitamins a, d, e and K in food

Answer 21

Fats

Question 22

Chains of amino acids for body functions
(enzymes, hemoglobin).

Used as energy source when other fuels are
depleted

Answer 22

Proteins

Question 23

are the amount of food energy that should be eaten
to compensate for caloric expenditure.

Answer 23

Energy Requirements

Question 24

refers to the amount of energy an individual uses to
maintain essential body function (respiration, circulation
and digestion) and as a result of physical activity.

Answer 24

Energy Expenditure

Question 25

Components of Energy Expenditure

Answer 25

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) The Thermic Effect of Food Physical Activity

Question 26

amount of energy the body needs to maintain basic physiological functions while at rest, such as breathing, circulation, cell production, and nutrient processing.

Answer 26

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Question 27

Factors that influence basal metabolic rate

Answer 27

Age Body composition Genetic factors Gender Hormonal Balance Environment factors Physical Activity levels

Question 28

88.4 + (13.4 × weight it kg) + (4.8 × height in cm) - (5.68 × age)

Answer 28

Male

Question 29

447.6 +( 9.25 × weight in kg) + (3.10 × height in cm) - (4.33 × age)

Answer 29

Female

Question 30

The amount of energy it takes for your body to digest, absorb, and metabolise the food you eat.

Answer 30

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

Question 31

Foods that have the Highest Thermic Effect

Answer 31

1. Proteins 20%-30% 2. Carbohydrates 5%-10% 3. Fats 0%-5%

Question 32

Normally represent between 20%-40% of the energy expenditure. It varies significantly between individuals on the basis of the deployed activity. It is not constant and depends on daily physical activity.

Answer 32

Physical Activities

Question 33

is operationally defined as a “reduced muscular ability to continue an existing effort.” best researched in regard to maintained static (isometric) muscle contraction.

Answer 33

Fatigue

Question 34

Benefit of Fatigue

Answer 34

Prevention of serious damage

Question 35

Given the same ratio of “total resting time” to “total working time, ” many short rest periods have more recovery value than a few long rest periods.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Individual Factors

Answer 36

Age Sex / Gender Fitness Level Body Mass Index Health Status

Question 37

Task Related Factors

Answer 37

Task Demands Workload Work Environment Equipments / Tool Design

Question 38

Environmental Factors

Answer 38

Climate/ Weather Lighting Vibration Noise

Question 39

Situation Specific Factors

Answer 39

Shift Work Work Schedule Travel/Commute Work Home Interface

Question 40

How to Calculate Physical Activity Expenditure

Answer 40

Physical Activity Expenditure = Activity x Time

Question 41

A person’s oxygen consumption while performing work is a measure of his or her _____________________________.

Answer 41

metabolic energy production

Question 42

compares the carbon dioxide expired with the oxygen consumed. also called respiratory exchange rate RER

Answer 42

Respiratory Exchange Quotient (ROQ)

Question 43

Tools for assessment of human energy capabilities

Answer 43

bicycle ergometers treadmills steps

Question 44

Measuring Oxygen Uptake

Answer 44

Period of time Physicians or Physiologist Indirect Calorimetry

Question 45

Counting Heart Rates

Answer 45

Palpation PLETHYSMORGRAPHIC METHOD ECG

Question 46

How to compute power function

Answer 46

P = e + f ( I − g) ^n

Question 47

___ ________ on a formal “light” to “hard” scale can be used to measure the intensity of a task.

Answer 47

RPE Scale

Question 48

category scale with ratio properties that yields ratios and levels and allows comparisons but still retains the same correlation (of about 0.88) with the heart rate as the RPE scale, particularly if large muscles are involved in the effort

Answer 48

General Scale

Question 49

Energy Requirements

Answer 49

Metabolic Cost x Duration

Question 50

Given the largely ________ relationship between heart rate and energy uptake, one can often simply use the heart rate (see above) to label work as “light” or “heavy.”

Answer 50

linear

Question 51

▪︎ involves rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation ▪︎ blood flow is maintained ▪︎ Energy consumption is significant and measurable

Answer 51

Dynamic Work

Question 52

▪︎ involves sustained muscle contraction without significant movement ▪︎ blood flow occuluded ▪︎ energy consumption is lower than perceived exertion

Answer 52

Static Work

Question 53

Measures energy expenditure during ascent. Varies based on incline and climbing method

Answer 53

Oxygen Consumption

Question 54

Indicates cardiovascular strain. Increases with steeper angles amd more challenging cimbs

Answer 54

Heart Rate Monitoring

Question 55

user preferences and perceived effort. Important for real-world application and comfort

Answer 55

Subjective Ratings

Question 56

Angle-based recommendations for vertical access

Answer 56

Ramps 0-20° Stairs 20-50° Stair Ladders 50-75° Ladders above 75°