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Z -KIN 210 Midterm > Energy Expenditure > Flashcards

Energy Expenditure Flashcards

1
Q

total energy expenditure

A

“Useful” work done + “wasted” work done
- useful = mechanical energy (ergometry)
- wasted = heat energy (direct and indirect)

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2
Q

calorimetry

A

measurement of heat liberated/absorbed in the metabolic process.
- directly: measure actual heat production
- indirectly: measure RER to estimate heat production

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3
Q

calorie

A

Basic unit of heat
(amount to raise 1g of water from 14.5C to 15.5C)
1 Cal = 1000 kcal/calories
1 kcal = 4186 J or 4.186 kJ

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4
Q

direct calorimetry

A

measures heat produced in respiration chamber
-limited usefulness

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5
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

a method of estimating energy expenditure by measuring respiratory gases
-open or closed circuit

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6
Q

open circuit indirect calorimetry

A

inhale room/atmospheric air
- measure O2 consumption and CO2 production
-need to know what is in the air

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7
Q

closed circuit indirect calorimetry

A
  • Breathes 100% O2 from a spirometer of know volume
  • Never mixes with ambient air
    -cheaper option
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8
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)

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9
Q

hill realtionship

A

when energy is used to preform muscular work, heat is given off and O2 is consumed in a proportional relationship
- if we know O2 consumption we can guess heat and this total energy expenditure

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10
Q

Relationship between heat, work, VO2

A

O2 consumption (l/min) during rest or activity allows for direct estimation of total energy expenditure
heat (from VO2) + mechanical energy = Total energy expenditure

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11
Q

VO2 and VCO2

A

atmospheric O2 = 20.9% CO2 = 0.03% N= 79.04%
CO2 (consumed = ViO2 - VeO2
VCO2 (pro.) = VeCO2 - ViCO2

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12
Q

Douglas Bag method

A

air exhaled into bag, changed out every minute, put in machine to tell how much O2 and CO2

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13
Q

Bengt Saltin

A

A “father” of exercise phys
-studied human muscle fiber type
-conducted “bed-rest” study

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14
Q

computerized metabolic system

A

-known gas [] in the air
-known gas volume (3L)
-known barometric pressure, temperature, humidity
- calibrate pre- and post- test

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15
Q

factors influencing gas volumes

A

Boyle’s Law
Charles’ Law
STPD

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16
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

as pressure increases, volume decreases (and vise versa)

17
Q

Charles’ Law

A

As temperature increases, volume increases (and vise versa)

18
Q

STPD

A

Standard Temperature Pressure Dry
- need some type of standardization due to global studies and thus differences in elevation, temp, humidity

19
Q

Carbohydrates during exercise

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2
-6O2 consumed, 6 CO2 made = RQ of 1.0

20
Q

fats during exercise

A

C12H32O2 + 23O2 -> 16CO2 + 16H2O
-23 O2 consumed, 16 CO2 made RQ=0.7
- fats need more O2 to fully metabolize

21
Q

protein during exercise

A

AA used in metabolic pathway for energy (via transamination and deamination)
-RQ = negligible (~0.82)

22
Q

respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

A

measurement of CO2 made and O2 consumed at mouth level (open circuit spirometry)
RER = VCO2/VO2
- RER > 1.0 = anaerobic respiration (more CO2 made than O2 consumed)

23
Q

RER vs RQ

A

RER: co2 expired/ o2 consumed at mouth
RQ: Co2 produced by cell metabolism/ o2 used by tissues
- measure at steady state (if not and there is intensity increase RQ will be higher due to lag time to get to RER)

24
Q

factors influencing RER measurements

A
  • exercise intensity
  • hyperventilation
  • recovery
  • diet
25
Q

exercise intensity (influencing RER)

A

RER can be higher than 1.0 (more CO2 than O2) because H is made in exercise then buffered w bicarbonate to make H2O and CO2 that is excess “non metabolic”

26
Q

Hyperventilation (influencing RER)

A

increased VO2 = increase RER
- psychological stress/nerves
-exercise anticipation

27
Q

recovery (influencing RER)

A

VO2 drop rapidly when cease exercise w VCO2 still high RER increase (short term recovery)
then CO2 is retained resulting in lower RER (long term)

28
Q

using indirect calorimetry

A

-all indirect measurements involve error
- VO2 must be steady state so RQ=RER
-assume protein metabolism is negligible
-recovery energy also contribute to total energy

29
Q

METs

A

1 Metabolic equivalent = energy expenditure while sitting/resting
- 1 MET = 3.5ml O2kgmin (max 13 /per person)
- used by clinician to express energy cost activities

30
Q

energy expenditure efficiency

A

-RMR/BMR = 60-75%
- thermogenesis = 10%
- TEA
- non exercise activity thermogenesis

31
Q

Economy of walking and running

A

O2 cost needed to maintain a given velocity of movement; the lower is better

32
Q

efficiency

A

mechanical efficiency (%) is reflective of the “useful” mechanical work done in relation to “chemical” ATP expended
Gross ME =(workoutput/total EE)(100)

33
Q

gross vs net vs delta efficiency

A

gross: include EE in denominator
net: subtracts resting EE from denominator (>GME)
delta: changes in efficiency btwn workloads

34
Q

factors influencing economy

A

age
MSK differences
body mass
skill/technical issues (better = improved efficiency)
activity type/intensity (high intense less effective)
fitness level (more fit = more efficient)
environmental conditions
equipment/engineering

35
Q

age (influencing efficiency)

A

kids and elderly less economic especially running
- kids have high BMR, SA:mass, immature running, less effective ventilations, lower anaerobic capacity
- elderly have more MU recruitment, gait instability, antagonistic co-contractions

36
Q

musculoskeletal differences (influencing efficiency)

A
  • more ST fibers = more efficiency (more ATPase)
  • body structure and flexibility are important
37
Q

body mass (influencing efficiency)

A

greater lean body mass = more EE = less efficient

more overall body mass means greater EE for WB activity and less efficiency

Z -KIN 210 Midterm (8 decks)

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