Aerobic System Flashcards
NADH+H and FADH2
enzymes that carry H to the ETC.
- accept 2H and dump e- into ETC
aerobic system
biochemical pathways complete breakdown of glucose/glycogen, fats, some AA to make lots of energy.
energy harnessed rephorphorylates ADP to ATP
- O2 used; CO2 and H2O byproducts
components of aerobic pathway
aerobic glycolysis
krebs cycle
beta oxidation
ETC
aerobic glycolysis
HK turn glucose into G6P / PHOS turn glycogen to G6P
G6P > F6P
F6P > F1,6P via PFK
F1,6P > GA3P > 3PG (make NADH) > pyruvate
pyruvate into membrane (protein carrier) > Acetyl coA via PDH (make NADH)
(See notes for Diagram)
hexokinase (HK)
enzyme that turns glucose into G6P during aerobic glycolysis
- uses an ATP
phosphorylase (PHOS)
enzyme turn glycogen into G1P during aerobic glycolysis
phosphofructokinase (PFK)
enzyme turn F6P into F1,6P during aerobic glycolysis
- rate limiting step of glycolysis
- inhibited by: ATP and citrate
- activated by: ATP
pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)
enzyme convert pyruvate to Acetyl-coA once inside the mitochondrial membrane
formation of Acetyl-coA
pyruvate (CCC) decarboxylated into acetic acid (CC) (+ CO2)
PDH dehydrogenases acetic acid (CC) to make NADH+H, adds coenzyme A to make Acetyl-coA (CC)
- irreversible
- not use O2 directly, must be aerobic
aerobic krebs cycle
1: acetyl-coA (2C) + oxaloacetate (4C) = citrate via citrate synthase
2: citrate (6C) > isocitrate (6C) via aconitate
3: isocitrate (6C) > alpha-Ketoglutarate (5C) via IDH (also make CO2, NADH+H)
4: a-Ketoglutarate (5) > succinyl CoA (4C) via a-KDH (make CO2, NADH+H)
5: succinyl Co-A (4C) > succinate (4C) (ADP > ATP)
6: succinate (4C) > Furamarate (4C) (make FADH2)
7: H2O added to Furamarate > Malate (4C)
8: Malate (4C) < oxaloacetate (4C) (make NADH+H)
Summary of out comes of Aerobic Kreb Cycle
Not direct use of )2 but must be aerobic
2 ATP
6 NADH+H (3,4,8)
2 FADH2 (6)
4 CO2
Limiting enzyme = IDH
citrate synthase
Oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA –> Citrate
- step 1 of aerobic glycolysis
isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)
isocitrate -> alpha-ketoglutarate, decarboxylation that generates NADH and CO2
- step 3 of aerobic glycolysis, rate limiting factor
- activated by Ca and ADP
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (a-KDH)
enzyme that turns alpha-ketoglutarate (5C) to succinyl-CoA (4C)
- makes NADH+H and CO2
- stimulated by ADP and Ca
- step 4 of aerobic glycolysis
The Electron Transport Chain
Embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
NADH+H > complex 1 > Q > complex 3 > cytochrome c > complex 4 > O2
FADH2 > Complex 2 > Q > complex 3 > cytochrome c > complex 4 > O2
cytochrome oxidase
enzyme at step 4 of ETC that is rate limiting.
- turns 1/2 O2 + 2H = H2O
electron transport chain (ETC) Steps
1: NADH+H at comp1 put e- into complex, drop H at mitochondrial matrix
1a: if FADH not NADH, drop into comp2
2a: e- shuttle down cytochromes to alt gain/lose e-
2b: e- also move along inner membrane cause p+ pumps move H from matrix to inner membrane
3: O2 accept e-; add H = H2O
4: H in intermembrane cause gradient, so sneak into matrix via ATP synthase; this energy cause ADP+P=ATP
5: ATP to intermembrane thru ATP-ADP antiporter protein, also bring in ADP
6: ATP out of mitochondria in exchange for inward ADP