Energy Balance and Body Composition

Question 1

Energy Metabolism

Answer 1

Sum total of all chemical reactions that manage energy-yielding nutrients (carbs, lipids, proteins)

Question 2

Energy Balance

Answer 2

Equilibrium
Positive
Negative
1lb fat = 3500 kcal

Question 3

Short Term VS Long Term Regulation

Answer 3

Short Term (Amino acids, fatty acids, GI peptides, cholecystokinin)
Long Term (Insulin, leptin, ghrelin)

Question 4

Hunger

Answer 4

Physiological drive for food that initiates food-seeking

Question 5

Appetite

Answer 5

Response to sight, smell, thought or taste of food that initiates/delays eating

Question 6

Satiation

Answer 6

Feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal; Determines food consumption

Question 7

Satiety

Answer 7

Feeling of satisfaction that occurs after meal and inhibits eating till next meal; determines time passed between meals

Question 8

Satiety Regulator

Answer 8

Hypothalamus: controls water balance, body temp and appetite

Question 9

Thermogenesis

Answer 9

Generation of heat; How much energy body spends (Food to work is 25%, Rest is heat)

Question 10

Thermogenesis Categories

Answer 10

Basal thermogenesis (metabolism), Exercise-induced thermogenesis (physical), Diet-induced thermogenesis (food)

Question 11

Direct Calorimetry

Bomb Calorimeter

Answer 11

Measures energy output as heat

Instrument that measure heat released when foods are combusted

Question 12

Indirect Calorimetry

Answer 12

Estimation of energy output from measures of amt of oxygen used and carbon dioxide eliminated

Question 13

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 13

Rate of energy for metabolism under basal condition (rest after 12hr fast), Expressed kcal/kg body weight per hour; Lean body mass diminish w/age slowing BMR

Question 14

Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)

Answer 14

Similar to BMR, Rest and fasting criteria are less strict

Question 15

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

Answer 15

Increase in metabolism during digestion, absorption, metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients (5-10% energy)

Question 16

Daily Energy Need

Answer 16

Basal metabolism, Physical activity, Thermic effect; 2000 cal- Protein (10-15%), Fat (25-30%), Carbs (55-65%)

Question 17

Energy Allowance

Answer 17

Men: 2300-2900 kcal/day
Women: 1900-2200 kcal/day

Question 18

Activity Energy

Answer 18

Aerobic dance (270 kcal/hr), Jogging (520 kcal/hr), Brisk walk (240 kcal/hr), Cycling (165 kcal/hr)

Question 19

Body Fat Location

Answer 19

Apple: waist-to-hip ratio greater than 0.8
Pear: waist-to-hip ratio less than 0.8

Question 20

“Android”

Answer 20

Upper body obesity; Higher risk for ill health

Question 21

“Gynoid”

Answer 21

Lower body obesity; Lower risk for ill health

Question 22

Body Composition Assessment

Answer 22

Distribution of fat, Fat fold measures, Waist circumference/Waist-to-hip ratio, Hydrodentistometry, Bioelectrical impedance

Question 23

Fatfold Measure

Answer 23

Measure body fat by caliper to gauge thickness of fold of skin

Question 24

Hydrodensitometry

Answer 24

Body density measure on land and in water which allows percent of body fat estimate

Question 25

Bioelectrical impedance

Answer 25

Low-intensity electric current; More lean person (electrolyte containing fluid), less resistance

Question 26

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Answer 26

Weight (kg)/ Height (m)2

Question 27

Leptin

Answer 27

“Satiety hormone”; Made by adipose cells to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger

Question 28

Ghrelin

Answer 28

“Hunger hormone”; Peptide hormone produced by ghrelingeric cells in GI tract, Regulates appetite and energy

Question 29

Set-Point Theory of Weight Maintenance

Answer 29

Humans with genetically predetermined body weight and body content, Feedback control, Neurochemical mechanisms

Question 30

Under Weight

Answer 30

Body weight lower than ideal, 10% or more below ideal body weight (IBW), Malnutrition, Poor immunity, Infertility