Energy Balance Flashcards
True or False:
All animals experience some negative energy balance around parturition. When it becomes excessive, health and production are compromised.
True
Which of the following are factors that impact feed intake (dry matter intake, DMI) peripartum during the transition period?
Fresh feed should be available 23/7 during the transition period.
Increased fetal demand results in an increase in feed intake the week before parturition.
A HIGH DCAD ration can be fed to PRE partum dairy cows to reduce the risk of hypocalcemia.
POST partum feed intake is influenced by PRE partum feed intake.
POST partum feed intake is influenced by PRE partum feed intake
Fresh feed should be available 23/7 during the transition period
Which of the following are alternative energy sources produced from mobilized adipose tissue during the periparturient period as part of the normal homeorhetic response to spare glucose for “milk and babies”?
Triglycerides
BHB (beta-hydroxy-butyrate)
NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) / aka free fatty acids
VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)
Proprionate - a volatile fatty acid
BHB (beta-hydroxy-butyrate)
NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids)
True or False:
Insulin resistance is a normal physiologic response peripartum that reduces the uptake of glucose by some tissues (most notably skeletal muscle), sparing it for “milk and babies.”
True
Which of the following is the best overall measure of the extent of periparturient negative energy balance in livestock?
Body condition score measured a month before and after the parturition.
Serum glucose POST partum
Plasma NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) aka free fatty acids measured before and after the transition period.
Serum BHB (beta-hydroxy-butyrate) PRE partum
BCS one month before and after parturition
NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids or free fatty acids) and BHB (beta-hydroxybutyrate) are alternative energy sources that can be used by tissues like skeletal muscle to spare glucose of “milk and babies”. With Excessive Negative Energy Balance (ENEB) the concentrations of NEFA and BHB become excessively high. What impact does this have, resulting in a vicious cycle?
Decreased storage of triglycerides in hepatocytes
Reduce immune cell function increasing the risk of postpartum disease
Decreased insulin resistance
Further decrease in dry matter intake
Further decrease in dry matter intake
Reduce immune cell function increasing the risk of postpartum disease
Clinical “ketosis” or hyperketonemia is often referred to as “primary” where the cow has a defect in the physiology of energy metabolism and “secondary” where disease and/or feedbunk management errors result in decreased feed intake (DMI).
Which is the most common cause of hyperketonemia with clinical signs (anorexia, rumen atony, decreased milk production, and excessive loss of body condition)?
Secondary “ketosis”
Which of the following is the primary source of glucose in the ruminant animal?
Gluconeogenesis in the liver from the VFA butyrate
Glucose absorption from the omasum
Glucose absorption from the small intestine
Gluconeogenesis in the liver from the VFA propionate
Gluconeogenesis in the liver from the VFA propionate
Which of the following is a key distinguishing feature of a cow with nervous ketosis?
Abnormal behavior presumably due to encephalopathy induced by hypoglycemia
Prolonged anorexia and refractory to treatment for hyperketonemia (“ketosis”)
An “alert downer” unable to get up showing bilateral knuckling of the fetlocks
Abnormal behavior presumably due to encephalopathy induced by hypoglycemia
True or False:
Only over-conditioned cows are at risk of severe hepatic lipidosis, because they have lower peripartum feed intake, more, larger adipocytes and greater insulin resistance, resulting in more NEFA being released.
False - they are at greater risk, BUT even thin cows can mobilize enough fat to result in severe hepatic lipidosis IF the ENEB is great enough.
Which of the following is the primary benefit of providing an IV bolus of 50% dextrose to an animal with ENEB?
Endogenous insulin spike
Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis
Increased lipolysis resulting in more NEFA available for skeletal muscle.
Sustained increase in blood glucose concentrations
Endogenous insulin spike
You are treating a three-year-old dairy cow with metritis (uterine infection) that also has hyperketonemia (ketosis).
T - 103.6 F
P - 70
R - 24
Hydration: Eye position normal, pinched upper eyelid - no tenting
Rumen: One very weak contraction in two minutes
Along with addressing the metritis which of the following are part of rational ketosis treatment. Select all that are part of rational ketosis treatment for this case.
500 mL of 50% dextrose IV once a day until uterine ketones are normal.
10 mL of Dexamethasone IV once
300 mL of Propylene glycol “top dressed” on the feed for 3-5 days
500 mL of 50% dextrose IV once a day up to 2 days
10 mL of Dexamethasone IV up to 3 days
300 mL of Propylene glycol PO once a day for 3-5 days
500 mL of 50% dextrose IV once a day up to 2 days
10 mL of Dexamethasone IV once
Which of the following is NOT a likely risk factor for excessive negative energy balance that manifests as pregnancy toxemia in late gestation small ruminants?
Experiencing an interruption in feed intake
Being nulliparous (first parturition)
Poor quality feed with inadequate energy concentration
Having underlying disease like pneumonia or heaving infestation of GI parasites
Being nulliparous (first parturition)
True or False:
Similar to ketosis in dairy cattle, a feature of pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants is severe ketoacidosis resulting in signs of CNS depression due to metabolic acidosis.
False - hyperketonemia (ketosis) does not result in substantial acid base balance disturbance in dairy cattle.
Which of the following can be tested cow-side to assess the extent of excessive negative energy balance?
NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids)
Glucose
BHB (beta-hydroxy-butyrate)
BHB (beta-hydroxy-butyrate)
