Energy Balance

Question 1

Name 4 conditions that can result from eating too much of the wrong foods

Answer 1

diabetes
hypertension
cardiovascular disease
obesity

Question 2

Describe conditions that lack of good food can lead to

Answer 2

anaemia
malnutrition
micro-nutrient deficiencies
underweight
In severe cases - starvation and death

Question 3

Define the term “energy”

Answer 3

the capacity required to do work. the body requires energy derived from the chemical combustion of food to perform all tasks

Question 4

Name the components required for chemical combustion

Answer 4

water
carbon dioxide
oxygen

Question 5

Define Gross Energy (GE)

Answer 5

the total chemical energy of food - the amount that food would liberate if it were consumed in oxygen

Question 6

Define Digestible Energy (DE)

Answer 6

the proportion of energy that is actually absorbed by the body. not all of the GE is available to the body b/c a number of pathways are not available to completion

Question 7

Define Metabolizable Energy (ME)

Answer 7

the actual energy that can by used by the body. final adjustment to calculate the actual available energy

Question 8

Define ATP

Answer 8

an energy carrying molecule that captures chemical energy obtained from the chemical combustion of food and releases it to fuel other cellular processes

Question 9

Name the components of ATP

Answer 9

Adenosine Triphosphate - composed of:

• adenine (nitrogen base)
• ribose (pentose sugar)
• 3 phosphate radials

Question 10

How many kilojoules in 1 calorie?

Answer 10

4.2kJ

Question 11

What is the food energy obtained (per gram) from fat?

Answer 11

37 kJ

9 cal

Question 12

What is the food energy obtained (per gram) from protein?

Answer 12

17 kJ

4 cal

Question 13

What is the food energy obtained (per gram) from alcohol?

Answer 13

29 kJ

7 cal

Question 14

What is the food energy obtained (per gram) from carbohydrate?

Answer 14

16 kJ

4 cal

Question 15

What is the food energy obtained (per gram) from fibre?

Answer 15

8 kJ

2 cal

Question 16

Name the 3 important actions that ATP is responsible for

Answer 16

1. mechanical work
2. transport of materials through cell walls
3. synthesis of chemical compounds

Question 17

What is considered the “energy reservoir” of high energy phosphate?

Answer 17

creatine phosphate

Question 18

Name the protein component of an enzyme

Answer 18

apoprotein

Question 19

Name the non-protein component of an enzyme

Answer 19

co-enzyme

Question 20

Name the 2 methods of direct calorimetry

Answer 20

1. whole body chamber

2. body suit

Question 21

Define direct calorimetry

Answer 21

directly measuring the heat loss from a subject to determine energy requirements

Question 22

Define indirect calorimetry

Answer 22

measuring heat production by assessing oxygen consumption and optionally carbon dioxide production to determine energy requirements

Question 23

What is the respiratory quotient (RQ)?

Answer 23

RQ = moles CO2 expired / moles O2 expired

Values are converted to calories of heat produced per m2 of surface area per hour; expressed as calorie expenditure

Question 24

Name the factors that affect EER

Answer 24

age
body composition and size
gender
growth
physical activity levels

Question 25

Define basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 25

the amount of energy needed to support the basic processes of life; accounts for 2/3 of our energy expenditure. the number of calories required to keep the body functioning at rest

Question 26

What is the thermal effect of alcohol?

Answer 26

15-20%

Question 27

What is the thermal effect of carbohydrates?

Answer 27

5-10%

Question 28

What is the thermal effect of fat?

Answer 28

0-5%

Question 29

What is the thermal effect of protein?

Answer 29

20-30%

Question 30

Define resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Answer 30

number to reference for your daily calorie needs. represents the calories you would burn in a typical day