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Nutrition & Disease > Diabetes, Insulin & Metabolic Syndrome > Flashcards

Diabetes, Insulin & Metabolic Syndrome Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘diabetes mellitus’?

A

Group of conditions characterised by raised blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)

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2
Q

How does diabetes mellitus occur?

A

An absolute or relative deficiency of insulin

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3
Q

Which form of diabetes requires insulin treatment?

A

Type 1 diabetes (T1DM)

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4
Q

What changes occur within the bloodstream after eating a meal

A

Blood glucose increases above the normal homeostatic “set” point

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5
Q

What hormone does the pancreas release to lower blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

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6
Q

What organ takes up excess glucose and stores it as glycogen?

A

The liver

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7
Q

What changes occur within the bloodstream when missing a meal?

A

Blood glucose levels fall below the normal homeostatic “set” point

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8
Q

What hormone is secreted to raise blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon

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9
Q

Which molecule is converted into glucose by the liver when blood levels are lower than normal?

A

glycogen

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10
Q

What is the role of Endocrine pancreas cells?

A

Islets of Langerhans cells secrete hormones into the blood vessels

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11
Q

What is the role of exocrine pancreas cells?

A

acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct

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12
Q

What are the 2 per-diabetic conditions

A

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) - blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes.

Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) - blood glucose levels are escalated in the fasting state but not high enough to be classified as diabetes.

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13
Q

What is the name of diabetes formed during pregnancy?

A

Gestational diabetes

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14
Q

What’s the term given to excessive glucose in the blood?

A

Hyperglycaemia

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15
Q

Whats the term used to describe glucose in the urine

A

Glucosuria

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16
Q

What does the term Polyuria mean?

A

Passing large amounts of urine

remember Uria=urine

17
Q

What does the term polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

remember DIPsia > dip in the water

18
Q

What are some main ‘central’ symptoms of diabetes

A

Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Lethargy
Stupor

19
Q

What are some main ‘respiratory’ symptoms of diabetes?

A

Kussmaul breathing (hyperventilation)

20
Q

What are some main ‘gastric’ symptoms of diabetes?

A

Nausea
Vomiting
abdominal pain

21
Q

What are the main ‘urinary’ symptoms of diabetes?

A

Polyuria

Glycosuria

22
Q

Which tests are used to Dx T2DM?

A

Fasting blood glucose
HbA1c
OGTT

23
Q

What complications can arise from diabetes?

A 
Several different neurological conditions 
cardiovascular disease 
diabetic retinopathy 
foot ulceration 
diabetic nephropathy
24
Q

What lifestyle factors decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes

A

Voluntary weight loss

physical activity

25
Q

Which lifestyle factors are responsible for increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes

A

Overweight and obesity
abdominal obesity
physical inactivity
maternal diabetes

26
Q

What disease is responsible for the greatest number of deaths and non-fatal illness within people with T2DM

A

Cardiovascular disease

27
Q

What type of diabetes may require all of food/medication/insulin intervention?

A

Type 2

28
Q

What can losing less than 10% of body weight do for the body?

A 
improve 
insulin sensitivity
glycaemic control
body fat 
blood pressure 
other cardiovascular risk factors
29
Q

What diet is recommended for people with diabetes?

A

no set diet that will help aid or cure diabetes other than a standard healthy diet rich in all foods
Foods naturally occurring and high in fibre are recommended as they improve glycaemic control and lipid profile in patients with T1DM and T2DM

30
Q

Describe the diagnostic criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome

A

3 or more of the following:

  • Central obesity
  • Hypertension
  • High blood triglycerides
  • Low level of HDL (high-density lipoproteins) *The good cholesterol
  • Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or diabetes
31
Q

Define Glycaemic Index

A

Ranking of carbohydrate in food on a scale from 1 to 100 according to the extent by which foods raise blood sugar levels after eating in comparison with direct consumption of glucose

32
Q

Define Glycaemic Load

A

a number that estimates how much the food will raise a person’s blood glucose level after eating it. One unit of glycaemic load approximates the effect of eating one gram of glucose

Load = (GI x amount available carbohydrate) / 100

33
Q

What is the OGTT and how does it work?

A

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Measures plasma glucose before and 2 hrs after 75g glucose taken orally

34
Q

Describe the 2 main risk factors for diabetes

A

Waist to Hip Ratio = Waist Circumference / Hip Circumference

Waist Circumference

35
Q

What are the Waist to Hip ratio cut-offs for men and women?

A

Abdominal cut-offs are >0.9 for men and >0.85 for women

36
Q

What are the waist circumference measurements for increased and greatly increased risk of diabetes?

A

Increased risk: males >94cm; women >80cm

Greatly increased risk: males >102cm; females >88cm

37
Q

Describe the action of insulin

A

i) Eating increases blood glucose levels to higher than normal set point
ii) Causes the pancreas to release insulin into bloodstream
iii) Signals liver to begin excess glucose uptake (stores it as glycogen)
iv) Causes blood glucose levels to drop back to normal

38
Q

Describe the action of glucagon

A

i) Missing a meal brings glucose levels down below normal set point
ii) Causes pancreas to secrete glucagon into bloodstream
iii) Signals liver to begin converting stored glycogen into glucose
iv) Raises blood glucose back to normal

Nutrition & Disease (5 decks)

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