Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) includes

Answer 1

Coronary heart disease(CHD)
Cerebrovascular disease
Peripheral arterial disease

Question 2

How much money was spent for CHD in 2015?

Answer 2

$10.4 billion

Question 3

What percentage is CHD of the total burden of disease

Answer 3

CHD makes up 14% of the total amount of diseases

Question 4

How many people die from CVD globally a year

Answer 4

17.9 million (32% of all deaths)

Question 5

What are two clinical conditions resulting from CVD

Answer 5

Angina pectoris

Coronary thrombosis/myocardial infarction

Question 6

Define the term Angina pectoris

Answer 6

characterised by a pain in the chest

results from a reduction or temporary block to the blood flow between the coronary artery and the heart muscle

Question 7

Define the term Coronary Thrombosis/myocardial infarction

Answer 7

total occlusion of the artery
causes infarction or death of some of the heart muscle cells
associated with prolonged and usually excruciating central chest pain

Question 8

what are some foods that aid in maintaining a healthy heart?

Answer 8

Fish
wholegrain cereals
Fruits and vegetables
Nuts
garlic
moderate intakes of red wine and other alcoholic drinks
Antioxidant nutrients (B6, vitamins C and E, Flavonoids
Non-starch polysaccharides
folic acid
several long-chain unsaturated fatty acids

Question 9

What are some irreversible risk factors for coronary disease?

Answer 9

Masculine gender
increasing age
genetic traits, including monogenic and polygenic disorders of lipid metabolism
body build

Question 10

What are some potentially reversible risk factors for coronary disease?

Answer 10

Cigarette smoking
Dyslipidaemia (increased levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, low density and very low-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein)
Oxidizability of low-density lipoprotein
obesity (high waist circumference/high waist to hip ratio
Hypertension
Physical inactivity
Diabetes, hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance
Increased thrombosis: increased haemostatic factors and enhanced platelet aggregation
High levels of homocysteine
High levels of inflammatory markers
Impaired fetal nutrition

Question 11

What are some psychosocial risk factors for coronary disease?

Answer 11

stressful situations

Coronary-prone behaviour patterns: type A behaviour

Question 12

What are some Geographic risk factors for coronary disease?

Answer 12

Climate and season (cold weather = more body expenditure to maintain heat)
soft drinking water

Question 13

name 3 ways dyslipidaemia may increase an individuals risk of coronary heart disease

Answer 13

• inherited increase of plasma lipids and lipoproteins
• having blood lipids higher than desirable as a result of an interaction between polygenic (many genes) and lifestyle-related factors
• having low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 14

List the five major groups of apolipoproteins

Answer 14

apo A
apo B
apo C
apo D
apo E
*each has a distinct physiological role

Question 15

What are very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and what is their function?

Answer 15

• VLDL are large triglyceride rich particles
• made in the liver
• deliver fatty acids to the heart muscles and adipose tissue
• lipoprotein lipase is required to liberate them
• following the removal of most TG from VLDL the remaining particles are precursors for LDL

Question 16

what are Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and what is their function?

Answer 16

• is the end product of VLDL metabolism
• its lipids consist of cholesterol ester and cholesterol
• LDL carries approx.70% of all cholesterol in the plasma
• LDL is taken up by the liver and other tissues by LDL receptors

Question 17

Do people with diabetes have an increased risk of CHD?

Answer 17

Yes
impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and insulin resistance are all associated with increased cardiovascular risk

Question 18

does hypertension have an effect on CHD?

Answer 18

Yes 
Increasing both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are associated with increased rates of
-CHD
-strokes (cerebral vascular disease) 
-peripheral vascular disease

Question 19

How much salt should be consumed per day to lower systolic blood pressure by about 6mmHg and reduce the incidence of stroke by 26% and CHD by 15%

Answer 19

3g a day

Question 20

Do lean people have higher blood pressure than obese people?

Answer 20

No

raised blood pressure = obesity that is centrally located rather than peripherally distributed

Question 21

What does the ‘DASH’ stand for in DASH trials?

Answer 21

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

Question 22

What are the components of DASH trials

Answer 22

Fruits
Vegetables
low fat dairy (cheese) (Milk and yoghurt’s food matrix levels out the level of fat in it)
sodium intake

Question 23

what is the maximum number of drinks you could consume a day before blood pressure increases progressively?

Answer 23

3 drinks

• remember
• 10 standard drinks for people throughout the week
• no more than 4 a day

Question 24

What is regarded as a useful risk indicator of inflammation?

Answer 24

High sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP)