Energy balance 1

Question 1

How do we measure energy?

Answer 1

Calorimeter

1kCal heat = the energy required to heat 1kg water by 1 degree celsius

Question 2

Where do we store energy?

Answer 2

CHO - as glycogen in muscle and liver, minimal converted to fat

Protein - not stored in the body

Fat - in adipose tissue & intramuscular

Alcohol - not stored

Question 3

What is the hierarchy of macronutrient oxidation?

Answer 3

1. Alcohol
2. CHO
3. Protein
4. Fat

Question 4

What are the total components of TEE (total energy expenditure)?

Answer 4

TEE = BMR (BEE) + TEF + Exercise EE + NEAT

Question 5

What is NEAT?

Answer 5

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis

The energy we expend when we are not sleeping (BMR), eating (TEF) or exercising (exercise EE)

Question 6

When does NEAT increase/decrease?

Answer 6

It increases with overfeeding and decreases with underfeeding

Question 7

What are the AMDR’s (acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges)?

Answer 7

CHO - 45-65%
Protein 15-25%
Fat 20-30%
- saturated &amp; trans <10%
- n3 0.4-1%
- n6 4-10%
Alcohol <5%

Question 8

What nutrients are low in energy density and promote satiety?

Answer 8

CHO
Protein
Fibre
Water

Question 9

What are 4 ways to estimate energy intake?

Answer 9

• 24 hour food recall
• weighed food diary
• food frequency questionnairre
• metabolic ward

Question 10

What is nutrient partioning?

Answer 10

The channelling of food carbon into protein, CHO and fat

Question 11

Explain how overfeeding leads to changes in lean and fat mass?

Answer 11

Initially overfeeding increases lean mass, however if it continues it increases fat mass

Question 12

Explain overfeeding in relation to protein and fat?

Answer 12

When overfeeding protein the body gains more lean muscle mass

When overfeeding with fat the body gains more body fat mass (also similar with CHO)

Question 13

What can cause abnormal nutrient partitioning?

Answer 13

• insulin sensitivity
• expansion of visceral fat stores
• excessive cortisol secretion
• oxidative stress

Question 14

What are limitations to BMI?

Answer 14

• doesnt factor age and gender
• doesnt distinguish between fat/muscle/bone mass
• doesnt provide indication of fat distribution
• population based
• not applicable for athletes/pregnancy
• overestimates for tall frame and underestimates for short frame