energy and enzymes

Question 1

when do chemical reactions occur?

Answer 1

when atoms have enough stored energy to combine or change bonding patterns

Question 2

what is metabolism

Answer 2

sum total of all chemical reactions occurring

Question 3

what are the two types of metabolic reactions

Answer 3

anabolic and catabolic

Question 4

what are anabolic reactions

Answer 4

the building of complex molecules from simple molecules (condensation)

Question 5

what are catabolic reactions

Answer 5

simple molecules being broken down from complex molecules (hydrolysis)

Question 6

what is energy

Answer 6

the capacity to do work or the capacity for change

Question 7

the energy released in ________ is used to drive _________ to do ___________

Answer 7

catabolic reactions, anabolic reactions, biological work

Question 8

what is free energy

Answer 8

the usable energy for work

Question 9

what are exergonic reactions

Answer 9

release of free energy, -G, spontaneous, hydrolysis, catabolism

Question 10

what are endergonic reactions

Answer 10

consume free energy, +G, non spontaneous, condensation, anabolism

Question 11

what is the energy amount required to get a reaction to proceed called

Answer 11

activation energy

Question 12

is activation energy greater for exergonic or endergonic reactions

Answer 12

exergonic

Question 13

what is the transition state?

Answer 13

an unstable higher energy state

Question 14

what do enzymes do?

Answer 14

also known as catalysts, they lower the activation energy and therefore increase the rate of chemical reactions, stabilize the transition state

Question 15

what type of macromolecule are enzymes usually

Answer 15

proteins, highly specidic

Question 16

do enzymes participate in the catalytic process?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

what enzymes break down carbs

Answer 17

amylase, sucrase, lactase, or maltase

Question 18

what enzymes break down proteins

Answer 18

trypsin, pepsin, peptidase, and others

Question 19

what enzyme breaks down lipids

Answer 19

lipase

Question 20

what does sucrase break down

Answer 20

sucrase breaks down sucrose (disaccharide) into glucose and fructose (monosaccharides)

Question 21

is the activation energy larger for exergonic or endergonic reactions

Answer 21

endergonic

Question 22

why mist endergonic reactions be coupled with exergonic reactions

Answer 22

to overcome the energy barrier. This makes the net free-energy change to be negative less than 0.

Question 23

where is energy stored

Answer 23

it is stored in ATP and is harnessed to join two molecules together

Question 24

What is ATP

Answer 24

adenosine triphosphate, it captures and transfers free energy (activated carrier)

Question 25

What does ATP get hydrolyzed into

Answer 25

ADP and P which realeases a lot of energy for endergonic reactions

Question 26

What characteristics of ATP account for the free energy released

Answer 26

A) ATP has three phosphate groups that repel each other because of their negative charges. The energy needed to get them close enough to bond is stored in the P-O bond.
B) The free energy of the P-O bond is higher in energy that the OH bond that is formed after hydrolysis therefore releasing energy

Question 27

Calles often harness energy released from ______ to fuel regeneration of ____ from ____

Answer 27

exergonic, ATP, ADP + P

Question 28

What are the steps of reaction coupling

Answer 28

1) Activation: ATP transfers a phosphate, P, to A-OH to produce a high-energy intermediate
2) Condensation: the activated intermediate reacts with B-H to form a product A-B along with the release of inorganic phosphate and ADP

Question 29

what is reaction coupling used for

Answer 29

used by the cell to drive reactions