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bio 201 > building blocks and macromolecules > Flashcards

building blocks and macromolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are mostly all molecules composed of?

A

carbon

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2
Q

what are the difference macromolecules?

A

DNA, RNA, protein, and polysaccharides, phospholipids

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3
Q

what percentage of the composition of bacterial cells are water?

A

70%

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4
Q

what are the four families of organic molecules?

A

sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides

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5
Q

what is the polymer for monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides, glycogen, and starch

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6
Q

what is the intermediate of sugars

A

oligosaccharide

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7
Q

what is the polymer for fatty acids

A

fats and membrane lipids

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8
Q

what is the polymer for amino acids

A

proteins (polypeptide)

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9
Q

what is the polymer for nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

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10
Q

what is the intermediate for amino acids

A

peptide

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11
Q

what is the intermediate for nucleotides

A

oligonucleotide

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12
Q

is energy released in condensation or hydrolysis

A

hydrolysis

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13
Q

is water released in hydrolysis or condensation

A

condensation

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14
Q

which macromolecules use condensation/hydolysis

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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15
Q

what is the formula for the subunit for carbohydrates

A

(C1H2O1)n

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16
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

sources of stored energy, transport chemical energy in covalent bonds, skeletons for other molecules

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17
Q

3-carbon

A

trioses

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18
Q

5-carbon

A

pentoses

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19
Q

6-carbon

A

hexoses

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20
Q

are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

philic

21
Q

what is the structure of carbs?

A

rings

22
Q

what type of covalent bond links monosaccharides?

A

glycosidic

23
Q

what are the four parts of an amino acid?

A

central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, single hydrogen, the “R group”

24
Q

what is the amino group

A

H3N+

25
Q

what is the carboxyl group?

A

O-C=O

26
Q

What is the R group

A

they are attached to the central carbon which makes up the 20 different amino acids

27
Q

what type of covalent bond links together peptides/amino acids to form proteins

A

peptide linkage

28
Q

What are the ends of polypeptides called?

A

amino or N terminus and carboxyl or C terminus

29
Q

Are polypeptides flexible?

A

just the R groups surrounding the polypeptide are flexible which allow the chain to twist

30
Q

what are the parts of a nucleotide?

A

sugar, phosphate, and base

31
Q

which macromolecule makes up RNA and DNA?

A

nucleotides

32
Q

what are the bases of nucleotides?

A

they are nitrogen-containing rings that are either pyrimidine or purine

33
Q

which bases are pyrimidine

A

CUT the py(pie) - cytosine, uracil, and thymine

34
Q

which bases are purine

A

pure As Gold - adenine and guanine

35
Q

which base is in RNA that is not in DNA

A

uracil

36
Q

which base is in DNA that is not in RNA

A

thymine

37
Q

how are nucleotides named?

A

after the nitrogenous base they contain

38
Q

how do sugar groups differ from DNA and RNA?

A

both has pentose which is a five-carbon sugar
RNA: ribonucleic acid, OH on 2’ carbon
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, just H on 2’ carbon

39
Q

what type of covalent bonds do nucleotides join through?

A

phosphodiester bonds

40
Q

how do nucleotides join together

A

The OH on the 3’ carbon attaches to the 5’ group

41
Q

What are the ends of nucleotides?

A

the 5’ and 3’ end that creates polarity

42
Q

which side of the fatty acid is hydrophobic

A

the tails, the heads are hydrophilic

43
Q

what functional group is the head of fatty acids made of

A

carboxylic acid

44
Q

what makes up the membranes of cells

A

phospholipids

45
Q

what is stored in the cytosol in droplets as an energy reserve?

A

triacylglycerols

46
Q

how many fatty acid tails are attached to each head?

A

two

47
Q

which macromolecule uses no covalent bonds?

A

phospholipids

48
Q

what is the function of phospholipids

A

major membrane lipids, create a barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults

49
Q
A

bio 201 (4 decks)

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