amino acids + protein structure

Question 1

a chain or amino acids is a

Answer 1

protein

Question 2

what dictates the order of amino acids

Answer 2

genetic information of the cell (DNA)

Question 3

what is the genetic information converted into and that does that do

Answer 3

it is converted to mRNA which is then used to create the protein

Question 4

proteins are the ___ of the cell and perform ________ that give cells their properties

Answer 4

workhorses, specific functions

Question 5

what do enzymes do

Answer 5

catalyze covalent bond breakagew

Question 6

what do structural proteins do

Answer 6

provide mechanical support to cells and tissues

Question 7

what do transport proteins do

Answer 7

carry small molecules or ions

Question 8

what do motor proteins do

Answer 8

generate movement in cells and tissues

Question 9

what do storage proteins do

Answer 9

store amino acids or ion

Question 10

what do signal proteins do

Answer 10

carry extracellular signals from cell to cell

Question 11

what do receptor proteins do

Answer 11

they detect signals and transmit them to the cell’s response machinery

Question 12

what are transcription regulators

Answer 12

they bind to DNA to switch genes on or off

Question 13

what are special purpose proteins

Answer 13

high variable with specialized properties (could be anti freezing etc. )

Question 14

what are antibodies composed of

Answer 14

four peptide chains - two identical light chains and two heave chains

Question 15

what are the chains of antibodies help together by?

Answer 15

disulfide bonds

Question 16

what do neutralizing antibodies do

Answer 16

they bond to virus

Question 17

what do antibodies block

Answer 17

surface proteins, and important binding protein

Question 18

what does a positive or negative amino acid mean

Answer 18

they are charged which means they are strongly hydrophilic or water loving

Question 19

which amino acids are positive

Answer 19

ones with a nitrogen group but no oxygen (arginine, histidine, and lysine)

Question 20

which amino acids are negative

Answer 20

ones with an extra carboxyl group (aspartic acid and glutamic acid)

Question 21

which amino acids are hydrophilic but not charged

Answer 21

amino acids that are polar due to OH, or nitrogen groups with oxygen (serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, and tyrosine)

Question 22

what are the expectations to the amino acids that are generally hydrophobic

Answer 22

cysteine: CH2-SH, glycine: H, proline: ring of 3 C from central C no amine

Question 23

which amino acids are nonpolar hydrophobic side chains

Answer 23

ones with just C, H for the most part, methionine has S and tryptophan has N (alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine)

Question 24

which amino acid does every protein start with

Answer 24

methionine

Question 25

what is the average length of a protein

Answer 25

500 amino acids

Question 26

the ______ of amino acids dictates protein ______

Answer 26

sequence, shape

Question 27

How does the amino acid sequence influence 3D shape

Answer 27

it drives the interactions with water and intramolecular bonding of the linear amino acid chain

Question 28

which sides of the chains can form hydrogen bonds to water

Answer 28

polar side

Question 29

which sides of the chains are packed into the hydrophobic core region

Answer 29

nonpolar

Question 30

what are the four levels of protein structure

Answer 30

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Question 31

what is the primary level

Answer 31

amino acid monomers are joined which forms polypeptide chains

Question 32

what type of bond stabilizes the primary level

Answer 32

peptide bonds

Question 33

what does the primary level dictate

Answer 33

intramolecular interactions

Question 34

what is the secondary level

Answer 34

the polypeptide chains may form alpha helices or beta pleated sheets

Question 35

what do the secondary and tertiary levels dictate

Answer 35

shape

Question 36

what types of bonds stabilize secondary level

Answer 36

hydrogen bonds

Question 37

how does a protein fold into a repeating pattern

Answer 37

through hydrogen bonding between atoms in the peptide backbone

Question 38

What is hydrogen bonded together in an alpha helix

Answer 38

the N-H of every peptide bond and the C=O of a neighboring peptide bond located four amino acids away in the same chain

Question 39

what types of interactions occur between atoms in the peptide backbone only of alpha helices

Answer 39

noncovalent

Question 40

what are beta sheets

Answer 40

they are several segments (strands) of an individual polypeptide chain that are help together by hydrogen bonding in adjacent strands

Question 41

describe the strand shape of beta sheets

Answer 41

each strand projects alternately above and below the plane of the sheet

Question 42

what type of interactions occur in beta sheets

Answer 42

noncovalent that are occurring between atoms in the peptide backbone only

Question 43

what is the tertiary level

Answer 43

polypeptides fold which forms specific shapes. largely determined by interactions between R-groups

Question 44

what type of bond stabilizes the tertiary level

Answer 44

hydrogen bonds, disulfide bons, and hydrophobic interactions

Question 45

what are disulfide bonds/bridges

Answer 45

two cysteines that lose their H and connect at their sulfur groups

Question 46

where do ionic interactions/salt bridges form (electrostatic interactions

Answer 46

between charged amino acid side chains

Question 47

what is the exception to the clumping of hydrophobic amino acids inward to the center (Vander waals attractions)

Answer 47

membrane proteins

Question 48

what type of bond occurs between a hydrophilic side of a chain and a backbone of another chain

Answer 48

hydrogen bonds

Question 49

backbone to backbone

Answer 49

hydrogen bond between atoms of two peptide bonds

Question 50

backbone to side chain

Answer 50

hydrogen bond between atoms of a peptide bond and an amino acid side chain

Question 51

side chain to side chain

Answer 51

hydrogen bond between atoms of two amino acid side chains

Question 52

what happens with membrane proteins

Answer 52

the hydrophobic side chains of the amino acids make contact with the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails of the phospholipid molecules

Question 53

what is a protein domain

Answer 53

is it a distinct, compact, and independently folding structural unit within a protein molecule. It is a subunit of a tertiary structure.

Question 54

_____ are functional and often have __________ within the larger protein structure

Answer 54

protein domains, specific roles

Question 55

what is quaternary structure

Answer 55

two or more polypeptides assemble to from larger protein molecules

Question 56

what stabilizes quaternary structure

Answer 56

noncovalent bonds (hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic, ionic) and disulfide bridges-same as tertiary structures

Question 57

what are possibilities of misfolded proper protein folding

Answer 57

degenerative and neurovegetative such as (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, ALS)

Question 58

what are chaperones

Answer 58

they help proteins fold properly

Question 59

what does ubiquitin do

Answer 59

it marks a cell to target them to the proteosome for degradation