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Global Business Environment > energy and climate change (class 10) > Flashcards

energy and climate change (class 10) Flashcards

1
Q

what sources of energy are there?

A
  • Biomass and biofuels (e.g., corn, soybeans, wood, straw, dung)
  • Hydrogen (fuel cells)
  • Natural gas
  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Nuclear
  • Sun
  • Water (hydroelectricity)
  • Wind
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2
Q

why does energy fuel the world economy?

A

Energy is needed at every step of the value chain.

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3
Q

what are the forces influencing the energy sector?

A
  1. markets
  2. technological innovations
  3. environmental concerns
  4. governments
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4
Q

in the short term, what are the factors that affect demand and supply of energy?

A
  • Demand
    • Economic cycles
    • Climate variations
  • Supply
    • Geopolitical stress
    • OPEC and other production and distribution monopolies
    • Disruptions due to climate (E.g., hurricanes, earthquakes, ice

storms)

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5
Q

in the long term, what are the factors that affect demand and supply of energy?

A
  • Demand
    • Economic growth
    • Population growth
    • Industrialization
    • Energy efficiency of production and goods (e.g. Kuznets curve)
    • Durable goods consumption (Houses, cars, etc…)
    • Trend towards a service-based economy
    • Recycling
  • Supply
    • Exploration/Innovation
    • Efficiency/Extraction
    • Recycling
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6
Q

true or false: the demand for energy keeps growing

A

true

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7
Q

what region consumes the most energy?

A

asia by far

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8
Q

what is the second region to consume more energy?

A

North America and then europe

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9
Q

since when does asia consume more energy than north america?

A

2000

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10
Q

what areas have low demand for energy compared to their size?

A

africa, south asia and south and Central America

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11
Q

what were the three most used sources of energy used in 2023?

A

coal, oil and natural gas (oil is number 1)

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12
Q

what is the orimary source of energy for electricity?

A

coal and then gas

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13
Q

what is the region that consumes the most oil?

A

Middle East

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14
Q

what is the region that consumes the most natural gas?

A

CIS and Middle East

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15
Q

what is the region that consumes the most coal?

A

asia

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16
Q

what is the european trend on nuclear energy?

A

Output from nuclear in Europe fell by 1%, with the recovery of France’s nuclear fleet from prolonged outages in 2022 offset by Germany’s closure of its last three remaining units early in the year.

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17
Q

what is the chinese trend on nuclear energy?

A

China continues to lead the way in building new capacity. Since 2000 it has built around 60% of all new nuclear capacity additions. In late 2023, commercial operations began at China’s onshore small modular reactor (SMR) demonstration project, a world-first featuring the latest Generation IV technology and incorporating inherent safety systems.

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18
Q

what has been the japanese trend in nuclear energy?

A

Following the events in Fukushima in 2011, Japan has gradually returned units to service, and in 2023, output increased by 50%.

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19
Q

what has been the us trend in nuclear energy?

A

Whilst output from nuclear in the US remained relatively flat, it was still equal to the combined outputs of China and France, operators of the second and third-largest fleets.

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20
Q

what are the regions that have the most oil production?

A

middle east (31%)
north america (27%)
cis (15%)

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21
Q

what are the regions with the biggest oil consumption?

A

asia pacific (38%)
north america (22%)
europe (14%)

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22
Q

what are the top 5 oil-consuming countries?

A

us
china
india
russia
Saudi Arabia

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23
Q

when did the us turn into the largest oil producer?

A

2015

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24
Q

in 2013, what were the largest oil producer countries?

A

us
russia
canada

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25
Q

have oil reserves reached their peak?

A

New large sources of oil should be found to keep up
with demand in the future
Even if oil demand was
to remain flat to 2030,
45 mb/d of gross
capacity would be
needed just to offset
decline from existing
oilfields

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26
Q

energy is crucial for veleopment, but it can have side effects:

A
  • Limited access to reliable and cheap electricity impairs investment and productivity.
  • Effect of “dirty” energy on health and the environment.
    • Productivity decline
    • Climate change
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27
Q

how many people die worldwide from household pollution?

A

3.2 million per year (2019)

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28
Q

who is contributing the most to energy demand?

A

asia

29
Q

what are the positive effects of exporting oil and natural gas?

A

Helps economic development (Investment funding for infrastructures, education, institutions and health)

30
Q

what are the negative effects of exporting oil and natural gas?

A
  • Corruption
  • Dictatorship or authoritarian governments
  • Inflation (“Dutch disease”)
31
Q

what solutions are there to repair negative effects of exporting oil and natural gas?

A
  • Democracy
  • Transparency
  • Rule of law and good governance
  • Rainy-day fund (Tchad, Nigeria ) (Ideally, under independent control and accountable to the people (i.e. Parliament))
32
Q

what do dependent countries need to do?

A

Must secure access to energy resources (E.g., China, United States, European Union, India.)

33
Q

what are some of the policies to secure access by dependat countries?

A
  • Military and economic cooperation with producers
  • Acquisition of foreign energy firms
  • Strategic alliances (exploration and exploitation)
  • Privatization and liberalization of energy market
34
Q

which countries are the largest oil exporters to the us?

A

canada (by far) and then Mexico

35
Q

which countries have the top 10 proved oil reserves?

A

venezuela
saudi arabia
iran

36
Q

which countries have the largest oil refinery capacity?

A

china
us
russia

37
Q

what is ecology?

A

Ecology refers to the interactions between living organisms and their habitats

38
Q

what is biodiversity?

A

Biodiversity – the variety of plant and animal life, their distribution and number; affected by environmental degradation

39
Q

what is enironmetnal degradation?

A
  • Environmental degradation is caused mainly by human activity, associated with industrialization, which originated in today’s developed economies
  • Rapidly growing developing economies have prioritized economic development, but now face environmental pressures – from their own populations and from the international community
40
Q

what are the causes of environmental degradation?

A
  • growth in the use of plastic in consumer products
  • fossil-fuel power generation
  • deforestation
  • industrialised production of meat
  • mass consumerism
  • urbanisation
  • effects of factory production on air, water and soil
  • growth in air traffic
  • contaminations of the seas
  • increase in motor vehicles producing harmful emissions
  • industrialised farming
41
Q

what is the relationship between globalisation and the environment?

A
  • Economic development through industrialization now encompasses many developing countries.
  • Benefits of employment and economic growth: associated with urbanization, industrial farming and the spread of modern consumer lifestyles.
  • Deforestation – the felling of forests for land, to be used for factories, fuel and agriculture.
  • Global commons – resource domains that are not the territory of any one country: the high seas, atmosphere and Antarctica.
42
Q

key facts on climate change:

A
  • Climate change can result from natural causes or human activity
  • Global warming currently caused by build-up of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the earth’s atmosphere
  • Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) are particularly to blame, caused by:
    • Burning of fossil fuels, especially coal-fired power stations
    • Factory production
    • Transport
  • Emissions are growing the quickest in the world’s large emerging economies
43
Q

who is the largest CO2 emmission center?

A

china and then the us

44
Q

which regions are the only regions to be both below the global average for CO2 and nergy consumption per gdp?

A

europe and southern and Central Asia

45
Q

what is the difference between co2 and pm 2.5?

A

CO2 Emissions (Carbon Dioxide):

  • A greenhouse gas (GHG).
  • Measures the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, primarily from burning fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil, gas).
  • Impact: Contributes to global warming and climate change.

PM 2.5 (Particulate Matter 2.5):

  • Tiny particulate pollutants with a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or smaller.
  • Sources include vehicle emissions, industrial processes, wildfires, and power plants.
  • Impact: Directly affects human health, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

Key Difference:

  • CO2 is a global warming pollutant that affects the planet’s climate.
  • PM 2.5 is a local air quality issue that directly affects human health.
46
Q

who has the highest level of pm2.5 air pollution?

A

South Asia

47
Q

who has the lowest level of pm2.5 air pollution?

A

north america

48
Q

which countries are the most polluted?

A

bangladesh
pakistan
india

49
Q

what are the impacts of climate change?

A
  • All continents experience shifts in climate due to climate change
  • Heatwaves, drought, desertification, floods and hurricanes are some of the phenomena
    • Insecurity of supplies of food and water
    • Rising sea levels affect islands and low-lying regions
  • Threats are worse for poor developing countries
    • Vulnerable to floods, droughts and storms; risks
      compounded by limited resources
50
Q

what can governments and businesses do regarding climate change?

A
  • Evaluation of environmental impacts of industrial production
  • Business permits based on pollution levels and permits for pollutant emissions
  • Taxes, regulation and sanctions on pollutants
  • Tax credits and subsidies for investment in clean energy technologies
  • Promote sustainable consumption
  • Combating environmental degradation involves both legal and ethical obligations
  • Pressures are now mounting on both businesses and governments to commit to the sustainable development goals (SDGs)
51
Q

why is international cooperation important?

A

Negative externalities.

Solutions

  • International agreements on emissions regulation
  • Financial and technical assistance to poor countries that implement clean energy technologies
  • Fund quality studies (improvement or deterioration) of the environment on a world scale
52
Q

is the share of reneablke energy growing?

A

yes but it’s not enough to replace the traditional ones

53
Q

in 2023, what was approximately the share of electricity generation from fossil fuels, reneables and nuclear?

A

fossil fuels: 60% (decrasing a little over time)
renewables: 30% (increasing a lot over time)
nuclear: 10% (decreasing over time)

54
Q

which region wins in share of electricity production from renewables?

A

south and central america, then europe

55
Q

which country leads the solar electricity generation worldwide?

A

china and then the us

56
Q

who dominates global renewable capacity additions?

A

china (specially solar)

57
Q

what are the obstacles, challenges and responsibilities?

A
  • Cost of fossil fuels
  • Subsidies around the world on fossil fuels
  • Not enough public investment in low-carbon energy research
  • Carbon taxes
  • The design of electricity markets matters
  • Provision for backup and storage capacity
  • Harmful effects of industrialization and urbanization in the developing world are no longer seen as merely local problems, but global issues linked to sustainable development.
  • Development is usually associated with western consumer lifestyles – more cars, cheap air travel, throwaway appliances
  • Businesses tend to wait for changes in the law, rather than take voluntary measures
  • Governments must balance priorities of reducing poverty, and retain a focus on economic growth
58
Q

how much do governments pay on fossil fuels?

A

The International Energy Agency (IEA) calculated that fossil fuel consumption subsidies stood at $620 billion in 2023. That is a sharp decline from the record sum of more than $1.2 trillion in 2022 - the year where energy prices soared sharply in the wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which saw subsidies surpass the trillion-dollar threshold for the first time. In general, subsidies are broadly split between electricity, oil and natural gas accounting for a third each, and coal receiving only minimal support, IEA data showed.

  • Global subsidies for fossil fuels rose by $2 trillion over the past two years to reach a record $7 trillion in 2022, according to new estimates from the International Monetary Fund.
  • That’s more than governments spend annually on education (4.3% of global income) and about two thirds of what they spend on healthcare (10.9%).
  • A variety of nations in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world have cut fuel subsidies in recent years due in part to rising debt and borrowing costs.
  • Wealthier nations, where energy consumption is higher, face less financial pressure to cut subsidy costs.

“We estimate that scrapping explicit and implicit fossil-fuel subsidies would prevent 1.6 million premature deaths annually, raise government revenues by $4.4 trillion, and put emissions on track toward reaching global warming targets,” the IMF said.

59
Q

what about renewables (governments paying)?

A

G20 governments provided at least USD 168 billion in public financial support for renewable power in 2023, less than one-third of G20 fossil fuel subsidies that year.

Advanced G20 economies and China accounted for 95% of this support. Where disaggregated data was available, support was directed mostly to solar and wind.

Public financial support may need to double to around USD 336 billion annually to achieve the pledge made at the 28th UN Climate Change.

60
Q

are oil companies expected to decrease their oil companies by 2030?

A

no, between 2019 and 2030 it is expected that they will increase their production

61
Q

conclusion da aula

A
  • Environmental degradation and climate change are the result of human activity: linked to industrialization and urbanization
  • The scientific community now has a much better picture of the damaging impacts of global warming, and governments are now responding
  • Concerted action is possible, as the Paris Accord has shown, but involves commitment by both developed and emerging countries
  • Companies face pressure from stakeholders to commit to sustainable strategies – not just in their rhetoric, but in real life
62
Q

what examples do we have of global co-operation to combat climate change?

A
  • UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) brings together scientific evidence and issues reports
  • Kyoto Protocol – Distinguished between developed and developing countries
    • Specified targets for reducing emissions for developed countries only
    • Aimed to reduce emissions to 5% below 1990 levels by 2012, which proved unattainable
    • Introduced principle of emissions trading – polluting industries could ‘buy’ credits from other countries in order to meet targets
63
Q

what are the business responses to climate change initiatives?

A
  • Businesses generally view climate change initiatives in a negative light, as adversely affecting them
  • Many businesses lobby or join lobby groups against climate change measures
  • National regulation remains the main focus – if laws are introduced, businesses must comply
  • Companies are expected to commit large sums to technology transfer for developing countries
  • Government incentives and funding are seen by businesses as essential to help fund R&D into green technology
64
Q

what international legal frameworks do we have for climate change?

A
  • UN Environment Programme (UNEP) dates from 1972
  • Brundtland Report, 1987 – introduced the concept of sustainable development: meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
  • Rio summit and Rio Declaration, 1992
    • Principle of state sovereignty over resourcesis acknowledged, but also responsibility for sustainable development
    • Polluter pays principle recognized, but difficult in practice to compel polluting state
65
Q

what is carbon footprint?

A

Carbon footprint – amount of greenhouses gases produced either directly or indirectly by an organization or country

66
Q

what is sustainable development in the business context?

A
  • Involves looking at all phases of business operations
    • Businesses seek new cleaner technology for economic reasons and for reasons of social responsibility –
    • Economic efficiency and sustainable development are now increasingly overlapping
  • Impacts of business strategies on every country’s ability to advance in meeting SDGs
  • Environmental reporting by businesses
    • An element of triple-bottom-line reporting (financial and social are the other two)
  • Standardization through ISO 14001 certification on environmental management
67
Q

what is sustainable consumption?

A

Lifestyle decisions made by consumers impact on the environment; include:

  • Shopping for environmentally-friendly products
  • Recycling
  • Using less pollutant transport
  • Using less plastic
  • Investing in socially responsible investments

Green consumerism: How willing are people to change lifestyles?

Should sustainable consumption be reduced consumption?

68
Q
A

Global Business Environment (21 decks)

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