Energy and ATP Flashcards
What is Metabolism
- The sum of all reactions in the body
- an organized by chaotic assembly line of enzymes and proteins that make the chemical reactions
What are the causes of inherited metabolism disorders
an enzyme that isnt produced by the body at all or is produced in a form that doesn’t work
What does metabolism impact
- impacts the health and functions of a cell and the mitochondria
- directly and often affects the Endocrine system (diabetes, Chronic fatigue, inherited causes)
What is the Endocrine system
a system of hormones that relay a message around the body to coordinate our activity and response to stimuli
What is cellular respiration
- a series or pathway of chemical reactions that convert potential chemical energy into usable chemical energy (ATP)
- relies on oxygen and glucose
- glucose is prefered but proteins and lipids can also be used
cellular respiration is _____ and _____ by enzymes
controlled and guided
What do we need energy for
- synthesis or breakdown of molecules
- cellular function
- reproduction
- movement
- active transport
- temp regulation
What must organism continuously do
capture, store, and use energy in order to carry out numerous functions and processes
How is biological energy stored
chemical potential energy in the bond that hold molecules together
In every energy transfer or conversion
some of the useful energy in the system becomes unusable
What is the anabolic reaction
- reaction that builds molecules (condensation reaction, photosynthesis)
- requires an net input of energy - endergonic
what is endergonic
energy is stored in the bonds of the molecules
What is the catabolic reaction
a reaction that breaks down molecules (hydrolsis reaction)
What is exergonic
stored energy is released and bonds are broken down
What is an example of cell coupling reactions together
an exergonic reaction supplies the energy needed for an endergonic reaction
What is the adenosine triphosphate
energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphate group
What is ATP made up of and used for
- ribose
- adenosine
- 3 phosphate groups
used for a source of energy by living cells
How do the terminal phosphate groups break off
energy that is released from the ATP
How does ATP store energy
- each negative phosphate group is hard to add in the chain of phosphate links
- there is stored energy between every link
- The most energy is stored in Phosphate 3 and it is also the most difficult to keep bonded to a molecule
- the bonding of negative phosphate groups is unstable therefore they pop off easily and release energy
- this makes ATP great energy donors
How does ATP transfer energy
- by de-phosphorylating or dumping of the 3rd phosphate group. It releases energy and can fuel other reactions
What is de-phosporylation
released phosphate can transfer to other molecules. this can destabilize the molecule due to the EN
- an enzyme that phosphorylates is kinase
Explain the ATP/ADP cycle
- dose not store ATP
- transfers phosphate easily
- Only short term energy storage
How is ATP produced
- phosphorylation - adding phosphate groups
- ADP can phosphorylate from ATP
Explain the substrate-level phosphorylation
- an enzyme is used to phosphorylate ADP
- occurs during glycolysis and citric acid cycle (cellular respiration)
Explain oxidative phosphorylation
- ATP is formed indirectly through a series of redox reaction
- occurs during the Electron Transport Chain
- the hydrogen will move back in to the matrix of the mitochondria via the ATP synthase
- ATP synthase cuples the movement of the hydrogen with the phosphorylation of ATP
What is the redox reaction
used to create protein gradient in the membrane of the mitochondria
What does the endergonic reaction do
regenerate the ATP
What does the energy from the exergonic reaction do
the energy come from the exergonic reaction (cellular respiration) as food is broken down
