Anarobic cellular respiration Flashcards
What are the metabolic structure
- glucose
- hemoglobin
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- mitochondria
What is anaerobic cellular respiration
a series of enzymes that cause a redox reaction that converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
controlled oxidation vs rapid combustion
controlled oxidation
- in cells controlled by a series of enzymes meditated reactions - energy released is transferred to the next step little lost to thermal
rapid combustion
- all energy given off at once cannot be easily harnessed to drive the metabolic reaction
What are the four stages of the anaerobic reaction
- glycolysis
- pyruvate oxidation
- citric acid cycle
- electron transportation chain
What is a brief description of glycolysis
- takes place in the living cell
- occurs in the cytoplasm
- occurs in anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)
What does glycolysis consists of
10 enzymes - catalyzed reactions that oxidizes glucose (6 carbons) and 2 molecules of pyruvate (3 carbons)
What happens after the catalyzed reactions
- 2 ATP is added to split glucose into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
- G3P is further oxidized to produce 2 ATP, 2 NADH molecules, and form 2 molecules of pyruvate
- the potential released in the oxidization produced ATP and NADH
What is glucose required to break down
- split glucose into G3P
- energy is produced as G3P is converted to pyruvate
What happens at the end of gycolysis
- ATP is produced through subtrate level phosphorylation
- all 6 carbons are still present
What is the pyruvate oxidation
- occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
- converts each molecule of pyruvate into 1 acetyl - CoA (used in the citric acid cycle), 1 molecule of NADH (used in ETC), and 1 carbon dioxide
What is the citric acid cycle
- also called the Krebs cycle (named after Hans Krebs)
- occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
- by the end, the entire molecule of glucose has been used up and converted into Carbon dioxide
What does the citric acid cycle convert Acetyl Co-A into
- 3 NADH
- 1 FADH2
- 2 carbon dioxide
-1 ATP
Citric acid overview
- acetyl - CoA (2 carbon) reacts with oxaloacetate (4 carbon) to form citrate (6 carbon)
- citrate is gradually oxidized and eventually converted back to oxaloacetate
- Note: where H2O is used and CO2 is released
- production of NADH, FADH2, ATP
What are the details of ETC
- occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
uses NADH and FADH2 to produce 32 molecules of ATP and 6 water molecule - energy released from the oxidation of the NADH and FADH2 is used to move H+ into the inter membrane space of the mitochondria
- this creates an electro-chemical gradient that is the ultimate source of energy needed to create ATP
How does ETC occure
- electrons are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to oxygen through 4 protein complexes and 2 electron shuttles in the membrane
- protein complexes are ordered in electonegitivity to pull electrons along the chain
What is protein complex 2 used for
used to oxidize FADH2 and join the chain
What happens when electrons move along the chain
- energy is released to transport H+ across the membrane creating a concentration gradient
- oxygen is the final acceptor of electons that pass through ETC
What are mobile electron shuttle
used to move electron
How do electrons move across the chain
- oxygen has the highest electronegativity pulling the electron from complex 4
- this causes it to take from complex 3 and complex 1
Why is oxygen important
- oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons that pass through the ETC cycle
- electrons release energy - this energy pumps hydrogen ions into the inner membrane space creating a gradient that can be used to make ATP
what is a chemiosmosis
- as a result of protein complexes, pumping H+ across the membrane and creating a gradient (a form of energy)
- it creates a protein motive force
- the ability to use this force is called chemiosmosis
What is a protein motive force
- a concentration gradient of H+
- an electrical-potential charge (H+ repel off of eachother)
What are ATP synthase
a large multi-protein complex that harnesses this energy to make ATP
What does ATP synthase do
- forms a channel that allows H+ back across the membrane causing it to rotate in a way to catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP
- it also reduces oxygen from the ETC now binds to the H+ coming from the ATP synthase to form water
why should the electrochemical gradient must be maintain
the ATP production will stop
what is aerobic respiration efficientcy
- depends on the environment (temp)
- Makes approx 30 ATP (heat loss and H+ leaking)
- 32% efficient
