Energy

Question 1

Fermentation

Answer 1

• After glycolysis pyruvate is converted to an end products (i.e. alcohol or organic acids)
• only produces a couple of molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose

Question 2

Glycolysis

Answer 2

• Break down of glucose into two molecules of ATP and two Molecules of NADH
• Anaerobic process
• Occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 3

TCA

Answer 3

• Pyruvate is converted into acetycoal A which enters the cycle
• ATP, NADH and FADH2 is produced through the oxidation of Acetylcoa
• requires O2

Question 4

No Glucose ?

Answer 4

• Glycoxalate cycle
• produces succinate for biosynthesis
• also regenerate oxoloacetate which is used for glucogenesis

Question 5

Electron transport chain

Answer 5

• Electron transport carriers allow a series of redox reactions to occur and hence are arranged in order of increasing positive potential
• Oxidation of NADH to NAD+ produces hydrogen ions and electrons that enter the cycle
• Final carrier donates electrons to the final acceptor which is O2
• Protons and hydroxide ions are used to create an electrical chemical gradient

Question 6

Proton Motive force

Answer 6

• Electro chemical gradient which drives ATP synthesis
• F1 domain catalyses ATP synthesis and the membrane bound domain allows proton translocation across the membrane
• rotor moves/transports bidirectionally, i.e. can acgively remove H+ ions

Question 7

Electron Transport chain and chemiosmosis without o2

Answer 7

• O2 is required as the final electron acceptor
• anaerobic oxidation must use another electronegative species such as
  
  • SO42-, no3- or S

None of these are as electronegative, means less free energy and less ATP produced