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ENE 280 > ENE quiz 9 > Flashcards

ENE quiz 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA)

A

goal is to regulate hazardous waste from cradle to grave, applies to waste disposed after 11/9/1980

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2
Q

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

A

made up of SWDA, HSWA, and RCRA, regulates 2 categories of solid waste

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3
Q

Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)

A

created in 1984

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4
Q

Subtitle C

A

defines and regulates hazardous waste

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5
Q

Subtitle D

A

addresses non-hazardous waste

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6
Q

Waste management Hierarchy

A

Source reduction & reuse, recycling/composting, energy recovery, treatment and disposal

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7
Q

Source reduction and reuse

A

waste prevention, environmentally preferred strategy, implemented by reusing/donating, buying in bulk, reducing packaging, etc

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8
Q

Recycling and composting

A

collecting waste, sorting then recycling back to raw material, remanufacturing into new products

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9
Q

energy recovery

A

converting non-recyclable materials into useable heat, electricity or fuel, through combustion, gasification, landfill gas recovery (LFG)

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10
Q

treatment and disposal

A

reduce volume and toxicity of waste, treatments can be physical, chemical, and biological, landfills are the most common form

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11
Q

materials recovery facilities

A

screens, magnetic separators, air classifiers, shredders, glass crushers

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12
Q

when recycling hits the curb

A

collection and processing, manufacturing, purchasing

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13
Q

manufacturing

A

cleaned recycling is remanufactured into newspapers, aluminum and steel cans, plastic conatiners, glass bottles, made with partial or total recycled contents

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14
Q

closed loop (primary recycling)

A

making similar products from recycled materials

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15
Q

secondary recycling

A

making new products with different characteristics from the original

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16
Q

tertiary recycling

A

recovery of chemical or energy from waste materials

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17
Q

methods of composting

A

backyard/onsite composting, vermicomposting, aerated (turned) windrow composting, in vessel

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18
Q

feedstock and nutrient balance

A

constant balance of green organic materials and brown matter

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19
Q

green organic materials

A

contain lots of nitrogen, glass clippings, food scraps, manure

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20
Q

brown matter

A

contains lots of carbon, little nitrogen, dry leaves, wood chips, branches

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21
Q

particle size

A

shredded material means more surface area, improve pile insulation which helps maintain temp, if particles are 2 small there’s not enough air flow

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22
Q

moisture content

A

microorganisms need moisture to survive, water helps transport substances through compost pile

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23
Q

oxygen flow

A

adding woodchips help aerate the pile, more air flow means more decomposition, too much oxygen dries the pile

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24
Q

temperature

A

microorganisms need certain temp, microbial activity can raise temp up to 140, if other factors are controlled then temp is maintained

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25
Q

sanitary landfills

A

land disposal site to minimize environmental hazards, before 1979 MSW was disposed into dumps

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26
Q

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

A

household waste

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27
Q

MSW landfills

A

recieve household waste and non-hazardous sludge, industrial solid waste, construction and demolition debris (subtitle D)

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28
Q

environmental impacts of landfills

A

effects of surrounding areas, leachate generation, gas emissions

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29
Q

effects of surrounding areas

A

fugitive materials, odor, noise, traffic

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30
Q

leachate generation

A

high BOD, COD, nitrogen, salt

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31
Q

gas emissions

A

greenhouse gases, methane and co2, volatile organic compounds, VOC

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32
Q

landfill design and construction

A

site selection, permit process, engineering design

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33
Q

bottom barrier

A

protect groundwater from leachate, use low permeability material, reduce hydraulic gradient

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34
Q

low permeability material

A

clay, geosynthetic clay layer (GCL), geomembrane

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35
Q

basic landfill operation

A

daily waste compacted into cells, covered in thin layer of soil at the end of the day

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36
Q

filling operation

A

spreading waste on the working face, compacting to increase density, daily soil cover

37
Q

decomposition in landfills

A

aerobic phase, acid phase, methanogenesis

38
Q

acid phase

A

anaerobic degradation of complex organics, the conversion to simple acids

39
Q

methanogenesis

A

methanogens convert organic acids to methane and carbon dioxide

40
Q

land fill gas (LFG)

A

methane 40-60%, co2 40-60%, moisture content, high heating value, other contents, generation rate

41
Q

generation rate

A

70 m^3/1000 kg MSW

42
Q

gas emission control

A

gas collection wells, gas disposal

43
Q

gas collection wells

A

vertical or horizontal, passive venting-natural pressure gradient

44
Q

gas disposal

A

flare to burn off (LFG), use for energy generation

45
Q

bioreactor landfills

A

MSWLFLS designed to transform and degrade organic waste

46
Q

types of bioreactor landfills

A

aerobic, anaerobic, hyrbrid

47
Q

aerobic

A

leachate is removed from bottom layer, piped into liquid storage tanks, re-circulated back into landfill

48
Q

anaerobic

A

moisture is added into waste, biodegradation occurs in absence of oxygen, LFG, methane can be captured

49
Q

MSW incinerators

A

burning MSW can generate energy while reducing amount of waste up to 90% in volume, 75% in waste

50
Q

types of incinerators

A

conventional (mass-fired), refuse-derived fuel facilities, modular incinerators, fluidized-bed incinerators

51
Q

conventional incineration

A

little pretreatment to remove large objects

52
Q

refuse-derived fuel facilities (RDF)

A

non-combustible portion removed, metals can be recovered, combustible portion can be sold as fuel

53
Q

modular incinerators

A

2 combustion chambers, waste combusted in1, gasses created are burned in chamber 2

54
Q

fluidized-bed incinerators

A

sand heated to 1500, glass and metals have to be removed, high efficiency and low gas emissions

55
Q

characteristics of hazardous waste

A

ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity

56
Q

F-list

A

identifies waste from common manufacturing that have been used to clean and degrease

57
Q

K-list

A

certain waste from specific industries

58
Q

P&U- list

A

take discarded commercial chemical products in un-used form

59
Q

CERCLA

A

deals with waste from before 1980, nicknamed “superfund”, corrects past mistakes

60
Q

TSCA

A

regulates individual chemicals, regulates waste streams that may have chemicals

61
Q

treatment

A

process that changes physical, chemical, or biological character of waste, neutralize waste, recover energy, render waste less hazardous

62
Q

Air pollution standards

A

notional ambient air quality standard (NAAQS), promulgated under 1970s clean air act (CAA)

63
Q

attainment area

A

geographic area that meets or exceeds primary standard

64
Q

non-attainment area

A

geographic area that does not meet primary standards

65
Q

common air pollutants

A

carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, particular matter (dust, smoke,soot)

66
Q

air pollution controls

A

stationary sources and motor vehicles

67
Q

stationary sources

A

cyclones, filtration, electrostatic precipitators, liquid scrubber, flue gas desulfurization, absorption, combustion

68
Q

motor vehicles

A

cleaner gasoline, exhaust system controls, improved engines, alternative fuels

69
Q

cyclones

A

centrifugal forces cause particles to collide with outer wall and slide down, removal efficiency 90% for particles larger than 5, relatively expensive

70
Q

filtration

A

deep bed filters used for clean glass and low volume, baghouse for dirty industrial gas with large volumes

71
Q

electrostatic precipitators

A

electric field ionizes particles, efficiently greater then 98% including submicron particles

72
Q

liquid scrubber

A

used for matter that is wet, corrosive or hot, particle pollutant is removed by injecting water into gas stream

73
Q

flue gas desulfurization (FGD)

A

limestone slurry is sprayed onto the flue gas, SO2 is absorbed by the slurry, produces calcium sulfate or sulfite, which is removed as sludge

74
Q

absorption

A

transfer pollutant from gas to liquid phase, depends on solubility of pollutant

75
Q

combustion

A

used when the contaminant in the gas stream is oxidizable

76
Q

sources of indoor air pollution

A

mix of aerosol particles, mainstream smoke, side stream smoke, secondhand smoke

77
Q

asbestos

A

mineral fiber, can be found in roofing, paint, pipie insulation, breathing high levels can lead to cancer risk

78
Q

air quality depends on

A

wind, sunlight, temp, precipitation, humidity, circulation, mixing

79
Q

mixing

A

produced by wind and turbulence, lapse rates

80
Q

lapse rates

A

change in temp with altitude

81
Q

stable air

A

discourage dispersion and dilution of pollutants

82
Q

unstable air

A

vertical mixing of air resulting in pollutant dispersal

83
Q

ambient lapse

A

actual change in temperature with altitude

84
Q

dry adiabatic lapse rate

A

change in temperature of a parcel of air experiences if moved up or down

85
Q

unstable conditions

A

rapid vertical mixing, temp falls faster then gamma

86
Q

stable condition

A

Air at certain altitude remains there,
temp falls slower then gamma

87
Q

neutral conditions

A

air at certain altitude remains there

88
Q

temperature inversions

A

extreme case for stability, lapse rate is positive, temp increases with altitude, prevent upward mixing

ENE 280 (10 decks)

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