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STATISTICS > ENDTERM > Flashcards

ENDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

The probability distribution of a statistic

A

Sampling distribution

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2
Q

The statistic of the point estimate

A

Point Estimator

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3
Q

The difference between the sample measure and the corresponding population measure since the sample is not a perfect representation of the population.

A

Sampling error

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4
Q

We use statistical inference when we use ___________ methods to make decisions and draw conclusions about ___________.

A

statical, population

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5
Q

A sample that is chosen at random from a population is important.

A

Unbiased sample

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6
Q

A method of obtaining the sample by using chance methods in such a way that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

A

Random Sampling

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7
Q

Number each subject or respondent of the population and select every kth subject.

A

Systematic Sampling
(k = population size over sample size)

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8
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

divide the population into groups or strata according to some characteristics that are important to the study. (random selection)

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9
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

population are divided into sections or clusters.

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10
Q

Multistage Sampling

A

Combination of basic sampling methods

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11
Q

Some population parameter is a single numeric value ø of a statistic.

A

Point estimate

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12
Q

Making inferences about parameters where one predicts the value of the population parameter.

A

parameter estimation

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13
Q

The population is segmented into mutually exclusive subgroups.

A

Quota Sampling

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14
Q

Sampling units are selected according to the purpose, used for some specific purposes.

A

Purposive Sampling

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15
Q

Sampling by referal, if finding for participants is difficult

A

snowball sampling

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16
Q

3 Sample Size Criteria

A
  1. Level of Precision
  2. Confidence Level
  3. Degree of Variability
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17
Q

Sometimes called as the sampling error. Ranges are expressed in percentage. Ex: (±5%)

A

Level of precision

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18
Q

Sometimes called as the risk level

A

Confidence Level

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19
Q

The distribution of the attributes of the population.

A

Degree of variability

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20
Q

What does census do for a small population?

A

Eliminates sampling error and provides data of all individuals in the population.

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21
Q

With the assumption that the confidence coefficient is 95% and the population proportion is close to 0.5, we can use the

A

Slovin’s Formula

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22
Q

Slovin’s Formula

A

n = N / 1 + Ne²

where N is ths population size and e is the margin of error (0.05)

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23
Q

conjecture about a population parameter. may or may not be true

A

statistical hypothesis

24
Q

a statistical hypothesis that states that there is no difference between a parameter and a specific value.

A

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

25
Q

statement that the parameter has a value that differs from the null hypothesis

A

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

26
Q

Known as the research hypothesis

A

AH

27
Q

Indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected when the test value is in critical region on one side of the mean.

A

One tailed tes

28
Q

Indicates that the null hypothesis should ve rejected when the test value is in either of the two critical regions.

A

Two-tailed Test

29
Q

uses the data obtained from a sample to decide whether the null hypothesis should be rejected.

A

Statistical Test

30
Q

The numerical value obtained from a statistical test.

A

Test Value

31
Q

separates the critical region from the non-critical region.

A

Critical Value

32
Q

the range of values of the test statistic that cause us to reject the null hypothesis.

A

critical or rejection region

33
Q

Type 1 error

A

rejecting a true null hypothesis

34
Q

type II error

A

failing to reject a false null hypothesis

35
Q

commonly used confidence level

A

90, 95, 99%

36
Q

Central Limit Theorem

A

when sample size is large, approximately 95% of the samples means taken from the population and the same sample size will fall within 1.96 standard errors of the population mean. μ = 1.96 +-((ó)/√n)

37
Q

we are testing the population characteristics such as means, variances, and proportions that involve assumptions about the populations from which the sample were selected.

A

Parametric Test

38
Q

z, t, and f tests are parametric tests

A

true

39
Q

test value formula

A

(observed value - expected value) / standard error

40
Q

A statistical test for the mean of the population. Can be used if n > 30 or when the population is normal distributed and ó is known.

A

z test for a mean

41
Q

statistical test for the mean o a population.
used whem population is (approximately) normally distributed and ó is unknown.

A

t test for a mean

42
Q

When we compare three or more populations, we can use analysis of variance or simply

A

ANOVA

43
Q

Who introduced ANOVA?

A

Ronald A. Fisher

44
Q

Are conducted after finding significant differences in the analysis of variance.

A

Post-hoc Tests

45
Q

test used when testing the difference between two means from dependent samples.

A

Paired samples t test

46
Q

Also known as related T test

A

Period Samples t Test

47
Q

a statistical method used to determine of there is an existing linear relationship between variables.

A

Correlation

48
Q

a statistical measure of the strength of linear relationship between paired data.

A

Pearson’s correlation coefficient

49
Q

pioneered research in the area of correlation.
histograms
mode

A

Karl Pearson

50
Q

Used if the value of correlation coefficient is significant.

A

Regression Analysis

51
Q

the developer of Spearman correlation.

A

Charles Spearman

52
Q

Known an distribution-free methods are used to test hypotheses that di not involve specific population parameters.

A

Nonparametric Methods

53
Q

Disadvantages of nonparametric tests

A

less sensitive that parametric counterparts
use less information
less efficient

54
Q

Positive values denote positive correlation

A

True. negative values denote negative correlation

55
Q

sd of each dependent variables must be the same for each value of iv

A

homoscedasticity

56
Q

variance is Greater than 1 and the mean, median, mode are equal to zero.

A

T distribution

57
Q

T distribution is sometimes called _______ because this was after the pseudonym of W.S. Gosset.

A

The student t-tes

STATISTICS (3 decks)

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