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Lab Pro > Endoparasites > Flashcards

Endoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

3 Helminths

A

Nematodes, Cestodes, Trematodes

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2
Q

2 Unicellular Organisms

A

Coccidians Protozoans

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3
Q

Description of nematodes

A

round in cross section, longer than wide, unsegmented. Males smaller than females. Significant cause of disease in dogs and cats. Varied life cycles

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4
Q

Medical name of Roundworms

A

Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina

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5
Q

where do Toxocara spp live in body and outside body for how long?

A

small intestine / soil for several years

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6
Q

Length of Toxocara spp?

A

3-18cm (average 7” in length)

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7
Q

4 Toxocara spp methods of transmission

A

1) Direct (fecal/oral)
2) Transplacental
3) Transmammary
4) Predation of hosts (rodents)

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8
Q

Life cycle length of Toxocara spp

A

can take as little as 4-5 weeks

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9
Q

Life cycle of Toxocara spp

A

Eggs are ingested, hatch in stomach, penetrate bowel wall, enter portal bloodstream, wander through liver, end up in lungs. Coughed up and swallowed, molt in stomach, mature in small intestine

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10
Q

Fresh feces infective or not for Toxocara spp?

A

NOT infective, ~1 month

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11
Q

Heavy infections of Toxocara spp can produce what clinical signs internally? (3)

A

Abdominal cramping and obstruction of intestinal tract, pulmonary edema

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12
Q

Toxocara spp can produce what clinical signs externally? (8)

A

Vomitting, diarrhea, emaciation, dull hair coat, restlesness, coughing, nasal discharge, increased respiratory rate

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13
Q

Toxocara larvae in humans can cause 3 things

A

Neural, Ocular, and Viscera larval migrans

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14
Q

Med name for Hookworm

A

Ancylostoma caninum (dogs, Ancylostoma tubaeforme (cats), Ancylostoma brazilienese, and Uncinaria stenocephala

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15
Q

Ancylostoma spp live where?

A

small intestine

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16
Q

Ancylostoma caninum seen in what % of dogs?

A

20%

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17
Q

4 Ancylostoma methods of transmission

A

1) Direct (fecal/oral)
2) Transplacental
3) Transmammary
4) Skin penetration

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18
Q

Length of growth and maturation cycle of Ancylostoma spp

A

18-24 days

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19
Q

Female ancylostoma can lay how many eggs?

A

30,000 eggs per day

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20
Q

In environment, there are 3 stages of Ancylostoma spp and what is infective stage?

A

Egg, Hatchling, and Larval (takes 5 days)

Larval stage is infective

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21
Q

Where do Ancylostoma complete maturity in the body?

A

burrow back into intestines, others may burrow from intestines to lungs where they can be coughed up, swallowed and worm goes back to intestines to mature

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22
Q

Major c/s of Ancylostoma spp (2)

A

blood loss and GI irritation

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23
Q

External c/s of Ancylostoma spp (7)

A

weakness, anemia, diarrhea, tarry/bloody stool, anorexia, depression, death

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24
Q

What may Ancylostoma larvae do?

A

may wander into other organs causing secondary signs of pneumonia and hepatitis

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25
Q

Infective Ancylostoma larvae can do what to humans?

A

penetrate the skin causing cutaneous larval migran

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26
Q

Med name for Whipworms

A

Trichuris vulpis (dog), Trichuris serrata (cat), Trichuris campanula (cat)

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27
Q

T, vulpis common in what animal?

A

Common in young and adult dogs and not Very young because of prepatant period of 70-90 days. Rare in cats

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28
Q

T. vulpis found where?

A

jejunum

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29
Q

T. vulpis method of transmission

A

Direct (fecal/oral)

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30
Q

T. vulpis egg cycle

A

Eggs are passed in stool, ingested in host, hatch in small intestine, larvae migrate caudally where they mature

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31
Q

c/s of T. vulpis (7)

A

Depends on number of parasites present: Intermittent diarrhea, weight loss, emaciation, anemia, abdominal pain, flatulence, “flank sucking”

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32
Q

T. vulpis egg description and can live for how long where?

A

Eggs are double operculated, makes it easier for larva to hatch from egg. Eggs can live under proper conditions in the soil for up to 5 years

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33
Q

Med name for Heartworm and its vector

A

Dirofilaria immitis, mosquito

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34
Q

D. immitis is common in what animals?

A

dogs, cats, ferrets, and some humans

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35
Q

definition of filarid

A

slender, thread-like

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36
Q

Pseudoheartworm that exists that is not pathogenic

A

Acanthocheilonema reconditum

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37
Q

What do Dirofilaria and Acanthocheilonema have in common? uncommon?

A

microfilaria are one of the larval forms of both worms.

Acanthocheilonema is non-pathogenic

38
Q

3 main physical differences between Dirofilaria and Acanthocheilonema

A

1) head shape
2) tail shape
3) type of movement

39
Q

3 physical descriptions of the microfilaria of Dirofilaria

A

1) Straight tail
2) tapered head
3) undulating movement (no forward movement, side to side)

40
Q

3 physical descriptions of the microfilaria of Achanthocheilonema

A

1) Button-hooked tail
2) blunt head
3) definitive forward movement

41
Q

Named heartworms because

A

It lodges in the venous return of the heart (right atria and ventricle) inhibits flow of blood to and from heart

42
Q

Adult heartworms can live for how long? what is the prepatent period?

A

2-5 years/ 6 months

43
Q

7 C/s of D. immitis

A

Usually progress as disease progresses
gradual weight loss, loss of endurance, coughing, ascites (accumulation of abdominal fluid), labored breathing, increased body temp, pale/cynotic MM

44
Q

2 Diagnoses of D. immitis

A

“SNAP” test - detects horomone from female only
Blood smear - look for microfilaria in blood

may be occult (hidden infection)

45
Q

Class 1 (Mild) of heartworm disease

A

Occasional cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild loss of condition

46
Q

Class 2 (Moderate) of heartworm disease

A

Occasional cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild to moderate loss of condition

47
Q

Class 3 (severe) of heartworm disease

A

General loss of condition: fatigue with mild activity, occasional or persistent cough

48
Q

Class 4 (very severe) of heartworm disease

A

Caval Syndrome (video we watched in class)

49
Q

Med name for Flea tapeworm

A

Dipylidium caninum

50
Q

Tapeworm not requiring flea as intermediate host

A

Taenia spp

51
Q

Dipylidium is most common in what animal?

A

dogs and cats, but can infect humans

52
Q

How does animal get infected with Dipylidium caninum?

A

by ingesting the flea

53
Q

Where can you see Dipylidium caninum?

A

on perianal area or can see egg baskets on fecal float

54
Q

(Dipylidium caninum) Asexual process of forming segments

A

Strobilation

55
Q

Diplydium caninum process

A

Flea is infected, flea is ingested, worm develops in small intesting, segments pooped out and can be found on the poop and fur, eggs ingested by larval flea, develop to larval flea, flea is infected

56
Q

3 taenia med names

A

Taenia pisiformis
Taenia hydatigena
Taenia ovis

57
Q

How is Taenia acquired?

A

by eating cysticerci (larval form) in rabbits. (predation)

58
Q

Lizard poisoning fluke of cats

A

Platynosomum fatsosum

59
Q

Salmon poisoning fluke of dogs

A

Nanopyetus salmincola

60
Q

Intestinal flukes of dogs and cats

A

Alaria

61
Q

Common liver fluke

A

Fasciola Hepatica

62
Q

Platynosomum fatsosum are found where in cats?

A

inhabit the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and small intestine

63
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola is vector for what?

A

Neorickettsia helmintheca

64
Q

another name for Nanophyetus salmincola

A

Elokomon fluke fever

65
Q

What does Nanophyetus salmincola cause (7)?

A

hemorrhagic enteritis with generalized lymphadenopathy, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, inappetence, fever, death

66
Q

Region of America Nanophyetus salmincola is found

A

Pacific northwest region

67
Q

Region Alaria is found

A

northern half of north america

68
Q

Alaria has a minor zoonotic potential from what stage?

A

larval stage from vector, mostly non-pathogenic

69
Q

Immediate host for Fasciola hepatica

A

Aquatic snail

70
Q

Region where Fasciola hepatica can be found and responsible for

A

world-wide, responsible for substantial losses of cattle and sheep

71
Q

infective stage of Fasciola hepatica

A

larval stage that migrated to the liver after ingestion

72
Q

how does Fasciola hepatica feed?

A

feeds on liver tissue for 5 weeks before migrating to the bile duct where it begins to produce eggs asexually

73
Q

Mild infection of Fasciola hepatica

A

about 25k eggs produced per day per fluke with one animal depositing 500k eggs daily in pasture

74
Q

how does Fasciola hepatica affect humans?

A

when humans eat unwashed veggies growing near snail habitats

75
Q

c/s of Fasciola hepatica (3)

A

Weight loss, anemia, diarrhea is only occasional

76
Q

Coccidians and protozoans live where?

A

small intesting of both dogs and cats, very host specific, rarely a problem in mature animal

77
Q

Coccidians are a type of what?

A

protozoan

78
Q

4 coccidians

A

Isospora spp
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium
Sarcocystis

79
Q

c/s of coccidians

A

diarrhea that can lead to death possible due to dehydration and other loss of nourishment

80
Q

coccidians are diagnosed by what?

A

seeing oocysts in fecal float of fresh feces

81
Q

Definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii is

A

any member of flea family and is zoonotic

82
Q

Toxoplasma gondii can cause what in humans?

A

can cross placental barrier in humans and cause spontaneous abortion

83
Q

“Super egg” that can remain dormant for a considerable amount of time i the environment until ingested by host

A

Sporozoite

84
Q

“fast dividers” are the eggs that are rapidly dividing and causing infection in the host

A

Tachyzoite

85
Q

“slow-dividers” are the eggs that are semi-dormant in a host that is not the definitive host. Can begin life-cycle again if this host is consumed by definitive host. May also cause chronic infection

A

Bradyzoites

86
Q

Toxoplasma gondii can cause what to cats?

A

transient diarrhea

87
Q

Tocoplasma gondii is highly pathogenic to what animal?

A

humans, especially fetus in utero (first baby, first trimester, etc)

88
Q

2 protozoans (not necessarily coccidians)

A

Anaplasma (and other blood parasites, Giardia

89
Q

Flagellate protozoan, not a coccidian

A

giardia

90
Q

giardia can cause what?

A

diarrhea

91
Q

how does giardia occur i na fecal float?

A

cysts or trophozoites

92
Q

how is giardia transmitted?

A

primarily by drinking infected water or eating unwashed produce/gardening with infected water

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