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Endoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

3 Helminths

A

Nematodes, Cestodes, Trematodes

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2
Q

2 Unicellular Organisms

A

Coccidians Protozoans

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3
Q

Description of nematodes

A

round in cross section, longer than wide, unsegmented. Males smaller than females. Significant cause of disease in dogs and cats. Varied life cycles

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4
Q

Medical name of Roundworms

A

Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina

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5
Q

where do Toxocara spp live in body and outside body for how long?

A

small intestine / soil for several years

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6
Q

Length of Toxocara spp?

A

3-18cm (average 7” in length)

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7
Q

4 Toxocara spp methods of transmission

A

1) Direct (fecal/oral)
2) Transplacental
3) Transmammary
4) Predation of hosts (rodents)

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8
Q

Life cycle length of Toxocara spp

A

can take as little as 4-5 weeks

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9
Q

Life cycle of Toxocara spp

A

Eggs are ingested, hatch in stomach, penetrate bowel wall, enter portal bloodstream, wander through liver, end up in lungs. Coughed up and swallowed, molt in stomach, mature in small intestine

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10
Q

Fresh feces infective or not for Toxocara spp?

A

NOT infective, ~1 month

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11
Q

Heavy infections of Toxocara spp can produce what clinical signs internally? (3)

A

Abdominal cramping and obstruction of intestinal tract, pulmonary edema

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12
Q

Toxocara spp can produce what clinical signs externally? (8)

A

Vomitting, diarrhea, emaciation, dull hair coat, restlesness, coughing, nasal discharge, increased respiratory rate

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13
Q

Toxocara larvae in humans can cause 3 things

A

Neural, Ocular, and Viscera larval migrans

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14
Q

Med name for Hookworm

A

Ancylostoma caninum (dogs, Ancylostoma tubaeforme (cats), Ancylostoma brazilienese, and Uncinaria stenocephala

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15
Q

Ancylostoma spp live where?

A

small intestine

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16
Q

Ancylostoma caninum seen in what % of dogs?

A

20%

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17
Q

4 Ancylostoma methods of transmission

A

1) Direct (fecal/oral)
2) Transplacental
3) Transmammary
4) Skin penetration

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18
Q

Length of growth and maturation cycle of Ancylostoma spp

A

18-24 days

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19
Q

Female ancylostoma can lay how many eggs?

A

30,000 eggs per day

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20
Q

In environment, there are 3 stages of Ancylostoma spp and what is infective stage?

A

Egg, Hatchling, and Larval (takes 5 days)

Larval stage is infective

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21
Q

Where do Ancylostoma complete maturity in the body?

A

burrow back into intestines, others may burrow from intestines to lungs where they can be coughed up, swallowed and worm goes back to intestines to mature

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22
Q

Major c/s of Ancylostoma spp (2)

A

blood loss and GI irritation

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23
Q

External c/s of Ancylostoma spp (7)

A

weakness, anemia, diarrhea, tarry/bloody stool, anorexia, depression, death

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24
Q

What may Ancylostoma larvae do?

A

may wander into other organs causing secondary signs of pneumonia and hepatitis

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25
Infective Ancylostoma larvae can do what to humans?
penetrate the skin causing cutaneous larval migran
26
Med name for Whipworms
Trichuris vulpis (dog), Trichuris serrata (cat), Trichuris campanula (cat)
27
T, vulpis common in what animal?
Common in young and adult dogs and not Very young because of prepatant period of 70-90 days. Rare in cats
28
T. vulpis found where?
jejunum
29
T. vulpis method of transmission
Direct (fecal/oral)
30
T. vulpis egg cycle
Eggs are passed in stool, ingested in host, hatch in small intestine, larvae migrate caudally where they mature
31
c/s of T. vulpis (7)
Depends on number of parasites present: Intermittent diarrhea, weight loss, emaciation, anemia, abdominal pain, flatulence, "flank sucking"
32
T. vulpis egg description and can live for how long where?
Eggs are double operculated, makes it easier for larva to hatch from egg. Eggs can live under proper conditions in the soil for up to 5 years
33
Med name for Heartworm and its vector
Dirofilaria immitis, mosquito
34
D. immitis is common in what animals?
dogs, cats, ferrets, and some humans
35
definition of filarid
slender, thread-like
36
Pseudoheartworm that exists that is not pathogenic
Acanthocheilonema reconditum
37
What do Dirofilaria and Acanthocheilonema have in common? uncommon?
microfilaria are one of the larval forms of both worms. | Acanthocheilonema is non-pathogenic
38
3 main physical differences between Dirofilaria and Acanthocheilonema
1) head shape 2) tail shape 3) type of movement
39
3 physical descriptions of the microfilaria of Dirofilaria
1) Straight tail 2) tapered head 3) undulating movement (no forward movement, side to side)
40
3 physical descriptions of the microfilaria of Achanthocheilonema
1) Button-hooked tail 2) blunt head 3) definitive forward movement
41
Named heartworms because
It lodges in the venous return of the heart (right atria and ventricle) inhibits flow of blood to and from heart
42
Adult heartworms can live for how long? what is the prepatent period?
2-5 years/ 6 months
43
7 C/s of D. immitis
Usually progress as disease progresses gradual weight loss, loss of endurance, coughing, ascites (accumulation of abdominal fluid), labored breathing, increased body temp, pale/cynotic MM
44
2 Diagnoses of D. immitis
"SNAP" test - detects horomone from female only Blood smear - look for microfilaria in blood may be occult (hidden infection)
45
Class 1 (Mild) of heartworm disease
Occasional cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild loss of condition
46
Class 2 (Moderate) of heartworm disease
Occasional cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild to moderate loss of condition
47
Class 3 (severe) of heartworm disease
General loss of condition: fatigue with mild activity, occasional or persistent cough
48
Class 4 (very severe) of heartworm disease
Caval Syndrome (video we watched in class)
49
Med name for Flea tapeworm
Dipylidium caninum
50
Tapeworm not requiring flea as intermediate host
Taenia spp
51
Dipylidium is most common in what animal?
dogs and cats, but can infect humans
52
How does animal get infected with Dipylidium caninum?
by ingesting the flea
53
Where can you see Dipylidium caninum?
on perianal area or can see egg baskets on fecal float
54
(Dipylidium caninum) Asexual process of forming segments
Strobilation
55
Diplydium caninum process
Flea is infected, flea is ingested, worm develops in small intesting, segments pooped out and can be found on the poop and fur, eggs ingested by larval flea, develop to larval flea, flea is infected
56
3 taenia med names
Taenia pisiformis Taenia hydatigena Taenia ovis
57
How is Taenia acquired?
by eating cysticerci (larval form) in rabbits. (predation)
58
Lizard poisoning fluke of cats
Platynosomum fatsosum
59
Salmon poisoning fluke of dogs
Nanopyetus salmincola
60
Intestinal flukes of dogs and cats
Alaria
61
Common liver fluke
Fasciola Hepatica
62
Platynosomum fatsosum are found where in cats?
inhabit the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and small intestine
63
Nanophyetus salmincola is vector for what?
Neorickettsia helmintheca
64
another name for Nanophyetus salmincola
Elokomon fluke fever
65
What does Nanophyetus salmincola cause (7)?
hemorrhagic enteritis with generalized lymphadenopathy, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, inappetence, fever, death
66
Region of America Nanophyetus salmincola is found
Pacific northwest region
67
Region Alaria is found
northern half of north america
68
Alaria has a minor zoonotic potential from what stage?
larval stage from vector, mostly non-pathogenic
69
Immediate host for Fasciola hepatica
Aquatic snail
70
Region where Fasciola hepatica can be found and responsible for
world-wide, responsible for substantial losses of cattle and sheep
71
infective stage of Fasciola hepatica
larval stage that migrated to the liver after ingestion
72
how does Fasciola hepatica feed?
feeds on liver tissue for 5 weeks before migrating to the bile duct where it begins to produce eggs asexually
73
Mild infection of Fasciola hepatica
about 25k eggs produced per day per fluke with one animal depositing 500k eggs daily in pasture
74
how does Fasciola hepatica affect humans?
when humans eat unwashed veggies growing near snail habitats
75
c/s of Fasciola hepatica (3)
Weight loss, anemia, diarrhea is only occasional
76
Coccidians and protozoans live where?
small intesting of both dogs and cats, very host specific, rarely a problem in mature animal
77
Coccidians are a type of what?
protozoan
78
4 coccidians
Isospora spp Toxoplasma gondii Cryptosporidium Sarcocystis
79
c/s of coccidians
diarrhea that can lead to death possible due to dehydration and other loss of nourishment
80
coccidians are diagnosed by what?
seeing oocysts in fecal float of fresh feces
81
Definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii is
any member of flea family and is zoonotic
82
Toxoplasma gondii can cause what in humans?
can cross placental barrier in humans and cause spontaneous abortion
83
"Super egg" that can remain dormant for a considerable amount of time i the environment until ingested by host
Sporozoite
84
"fast dividers" are the eggs that are rapidly dividing and causing infection in the host
Tachyzoite
85
"slow-dividers" are the eggs that are semi-dormant in a host that is not the definitive host. Can begin life-cycle again if this host is consumed by definitive host. May also cause chronic infection
Bradyzoites
86
Toxoplasma gondii can cause what to cats?
transient diarrhea
87
Tocoplasma gondii is highly pathogenic to what animal?
humans, especially fetus in utero (first baby, first trimester, etc)
88
2 protozoans (not necessarily coccidians)
Anaplasma (and other blood parasites, Giardia
89
Flagellate protozoan, not a coccidian
giardia
90
giardia can cause what?
diarrhea
91
how does giardia occur i na fecal float?
cysts or trophozoites
92
how is giardia transmitted?
primarily by drinking infected water or eating unwashed produce/gardening with infected water

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